NUR313 Patho Mid term exam exambank latest 2021/2022. Graded A Study Guide

A baseball player was hit in the head with a bat during practice. In the emergency department, the physician tells the family that he has a "coup" injury. How will the nurse explain this to the family so they can understand? A)"It's like squeezing an orange so tight that the juice runs out of the top." B)"Your son has a huge laceration inside his brain where the bat hit his skull." C)"Your son has a contusion of the brain at the site where the bat hit his head." D)"When the bat hit his head, his neck jerked backward causing injury to the spine." A male newborn infant has been diagnosed with spina bifida occulta. Which of the following pathophysiological processes has most likely contributed to the infant's health problem? A)The neural groove failed to fuse and completely close across the top of the neural plate. B)The infant's spinal cord and meninges protrude through his skin. C)The child's central and peripheral nervous systems have insufficiently differentiated during embryonic development. D)The infant's soma and viscera are underdeveloped. A patient in the intensive care unit who has a brain tumor has experienced a sharp decline. The care team suspects that water and protein have crossed the blood-brain barrier and been transferred from the vascular space into the client's interstitial space. Which of the following diagnoses best captures this pathophysiology? A)Focal hypoxia B)Cytotoxic edema C)Hydrocephalus D)Vasogenic edema Following a knee injury, a football player is taking ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, for the control of pain. Which of the following drug actions is most likely to result in diminished sensation of pain for the player? A)The drug inhibits communication by third-order neurons between the thalamus and cerebral cortex. B)The drug inhibits the enzyme needed for prostaglandin synthesis. C)The drug changes the postexcitatory potential in C fibers, leading to pain sensitization. D)The drug slows the conduction velocity of myelinated Aδ fibers in the pain pat When reviewing the purpose/action of neurotransmitters as they interact with different receptors, the nursing instructor gives an example using acetylcholine. When acetylcholine is released at the sinoatrial node in the right atrium of the heart, it is A)positively charged. B)inhibitory. C)overstimulated. D)dormant. The neurotransmitter GABA mainly functions to trigger inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Therefore, when explaining this to a group of nursing students, the nurse will state that A)it takes at least three chemical substances (amino acids, neuropeptides, and monoamines) to stimulate any activity between the cells. B)there is a symbiotic relationship; therefore, the end result will be depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. C)the combination of GABA with a receptor site is inhibitory since it causes the local nerve membrane to become hyperpolarized and less excitable. D)the neurotransmitters will interact with cholinergic receptors to bind to acetylcholine in order to produce hypopolarization within the cell. Match the pain theory to the correct physiologic basis for the pain. 1. Light touch applied to the skin would produce the sensation of touch through low-frequency firing of the receptor. B. Pattern theory 2. Repeated sweeping of a soft-bristled brush on the skin over or near a painful area may result in pain reduction for several minutes. C. Gate control theory 3. Proposes that the brain contains a widely distributed neural network that contains somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical components. D. Neuromatrix theory 4. Describes how an acute injury is predicted to be but does not take into account the person's feelings of how the pain feels to him or her. A. Specificity theory A 22-year-old female college student is shocked to receive a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. What are the etiology and most likely treatment for her health problem? A)Autoimmune destruction of skeletal muscle cells; treatment with intensive physical therapy and anabolic steroids B)A decline in functioning acetylcholine receptors; treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins C)Cerebellar lesions; surgical and immunosuppressive treatment D)Excess acetylcholinesterase production; treatment with thymectomy Following a car accident of a male teenager who did not have his seatbelt on, he arrived in the emergency department with a traumatic brain injury. He has severe cerebral edema following emergent craniotomy. Throughout the night, the nurse has been monitoring and reporting changes in his assessment. Which of the following assessments correspond to a supratentorial herniation that has progressed to include midbrain involvement? Select all that apply. A)Clouding of consciousness B)Decorticate posturing with painful stimulation C)Pupils fixed at approximately 5 mm in diameter D)Respiration rate of 40 breaths/minute E)Decerebrate posturing following painful stimulation of the sternum The unique clinical presentation of a 3-month-old infant in the emergency department leads the care team to suspect botulism. Which of the following assessment questions posed to the parents is likely to be most useful in the differential diagnosis? A)"Have you ever given your child any honey or honeycontaining products?" B)"Is there any family history of neuromuscular diseases?" C)"Has your baby ever been directly exposed to any chemical cleaning products?" D)"Is there any mold in your home that you know of?" If the patient's dorsal columns are not functioning, the nurse will observe which of the following responses during neurotesting, where the nurse asks the patient to close his eyes and then proceeds to touch corresponding parts of the body on each side simultaneously with two sharp points? A)Grimacing when body touched with sharp points B)No response to two-point discrimination C)Heightened proprioceptive response D)Inability to identify which way his finger was moved during the test Which of the following diagnostic findings is likely to result in the most serious brain insult? A)Mean arterial pressure (MAP) that equals intracranial pressure (ICP) B)Moderate decrease in brain tissue volume secondary to a brain tumor removal C)Increased ICP accompanied by hyperventilation D)High intracellular concentration of glutamate A client with a diagnosis of depression has been prescribed a medication that ultimately increases the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin between neurons. Which of the following processes will accompany the actions of the neurotransmitter in a chemical synapse? A)Two-way communication between neurons is permitted in contrast to the one-way communication in electrical synapses. B)Communication between a neuron and the single neuron it is connected with will be facilitated. C)The neurotransmitter will cross gap junctions more readily. D)More neurotransmitters will cross the synaptic cleft and bond with postsynaptic receptors.