development psychology 3310 exam elaboration

1 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________. A. birth; middle adulthood B. birth; old age C. conception; early adulthood D. conception; death 2. Which of the following gives the BEST description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"? A. growth and decline in skills and processes B. growth and decline in skills and processes from birth to adolescence C. growth in skills and processes D. decline in skills and processes 3. Life-span development is the study of human development from conception to death. Historically, however, most of the focus has been on which age group? A. children and adolescents B. young adults C. middle-aged adults D. the elderly 4. The upper boundary of the human lifespan is __________ years. A. 105 B. 117 C. 122 D. 131 5. Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century, life expectancy A. in the U.S. has increased by 15 years. B. in the world has increased by 15 years. C. in the U.S. has increased by 30 years. D. in the world has increased by 30 years. 6. According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development? A. infancy–childhood B. adolescence–early adulthood C. middle-aged to late adulthood D. No single age group dominates development. 7. Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns? A. traditional B. life-span C. ethological D. ecological8. Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a Human Development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional developmental approach. They disagree about A. the plasticity of development. B. the multidimensional nature of development. C. whether development is lifelong. D. whether development is multidirectional. 9. Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean? A. Development is not dominated by any single age period. B. Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. C. Development is characterized by both growth and decline. D . Development needs psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists to work together in unlocking the mysteries of development. 10. Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that development is A. lifelong. B. multidirectional. C. multidimensional. D. plastic. 11. Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. 12. Which of the following is NOT one of Paul Baltes' eight characteristics of the life-span perspective on development? A. lifelong and multidirectional B. multidimensional and plastic C. contextual D. unidirectional 13. Many older adults become wiser by calling on experiential knowledge, yet they perform poorly on cognitive speed tests. This is an example of how development is A. plastic. B. contextual. C. multidimensional. D. multidirectional. 14. The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an example of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. 15. Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual? A. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining. B. Parents in the United States are more likely to rear their children to be independent than parents in Japan. C. Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making. D. Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.16. In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. 17. Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as A. multidirectional. B. multidimensional. C. contextual. D. plastic. 18. Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative history-graded influence. C. normative age-graded influence. D. nonnormative age-graded influence. 19. The fact that I use e-mail virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an e-mail is an example of a difference in A. normative history-graded influences. B. nonnormative life events. C. normative age-graded influences. D. nonnormative age-graded influence. 20. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are A. nonnormative life events. B. normative age-graded influences. C. normative history-graded influences. D. normative contextual influences. 21. Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative age-graded influence. C. normative history-graded influence. D. normative contextual influence. 22. Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on A. growth and maintenance. B. maintenance and regulation of loss. C. regulation of loss. D. growth and regulation of loss. 23. Contemporary concerns in life-span development perspective include A. health and well-being issues. B. parenting and education issues. C. sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues. D. All of these answers are correct. 24. Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up A. in poverty. B. in single-parent homes. C. addicted to heroin. D. as part of a minority group.25. Children living in poverty are more likely to A. be separated from a parent. B. be exposed to violence. C. be exposed to family turmoil. D. be in all these situations. 26. The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is A. only half as much as some other industrialized nations. B. more than twice as much as that in Canada. C. lowest among the industrial countries. D. not high enough to draw people’s concerns. 27. A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is the A. increasing numbers who live in poverty. B. increase in elder abuse. C. failure of the health care system to address their needs. D. need for funding public pensions. 28. At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the _______ process of Jillian's life-span development. A. ecological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive 29. Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the _______ process. A. neurological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive 30. Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked? A. abstract B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive 31. Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development? A. These processes develop independently of one another. B. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven. C. Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development. D. Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development. 32. The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9 months is called A. prenatal. B. infancy. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood. 33. Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood34. Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of development is he most likely in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood 35. The period of early childhood ends when the child A. is toilet trained. B. learns to dress herself. C. starts first grade. D. has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic. 36. Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. What period of development is she most likely in? A. middle childhood B. late childhood C. adolescence D. primary years 37. Most traditional college students are considered to be in what developmental period? A. late childhood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood 38. Paulo is struggling to juggle school, work, and relationships while he is beginning to become more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late childhood B. adolescence C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood 39. Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young people. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late adulthood B. middle adulthood C. early adulthood D. stability and regulation 40. Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. However, she needs to pay more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in A. late adolescence. B. early adulthood. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood. 41. At what age do most people claim to be happiest in the U.S.? A. 19 years B. 25 years C. 42 years D. 88 years 42. At what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group? A. 50 years B. 65 years C. 75 years D. 85 years43. What developmental period is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress, and frailty? A. oldest old B. young old C. late adulthood D. middle adulthood 44. Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these students most likely in? A. middle childhood B. adolescence C. young adulthood D. late childhood 45. Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________ age. A. social B. biological C. chronological D. psychological 46. Which of the following is NOT a commonly conceptualized way of viewing age? A. biological age B. cognitive age C. social age D. psychological age 47. Becoming a grandmother is an example of _____ age. A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. psychological 48. Mrs. B is a 66-year-old. She dreads retirement, saying that she has no hobbies and no ideas about how she will structure her new abundance of time. She is experiencing difficulty with her _____ age. A. biological B. social C. chronological D. psychological 49. The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social 50. Jerry is 60 years old and is training for his first marathon. He has strong muscles and is in perfect health. Jerry is relatively young in his _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social 51. A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are called _____ age. A. psychological B. social C. biological D. coping52. Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that his father had ADHD as well. Brent most likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by A. nature. B. nurture. C. stability. D. continuity. 53. In the nature/nurture debate, one's _____ is related to "nature," while one's _____ is related to "nurture." A. biological inheritance; environment B. age; environment C. biological inheritance; behavior D. environment; biological inheritance 54. During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends, neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of _____ on development. A. biology and environment B. biology C. environment D. cognitive acuity and coping skills 55. Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This example relates to the developmental issue of A. stability and nature. B. stability and change. C. continuity and discontinuity. D. nature and nurture. 56. In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that A. development is more continuous than discontinuous. B. for the most part, people can't change. C. nature is more important than nurture. D . development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is characterized by continuity and discontinuity, and also by stability and change. 57. The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following? A. stability B. change C. nature D. nurture 58. Reactive Attachment Disorder is thought to be a lifelong condition caused by a lack of nurturing care during the early years of life. This diagnosis aligns with the developmental issue of A. stability. B. change. C. nature. D. discontinuity. 59. Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This is an example of which developmental issue? A. multidirectionality B. multidimensionality C. nature and nurture D. stability and change60. The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts? A. plasticity. B. contextualism. C. multidimensionalism. D. multidirectionality. 61. Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe A. discontinuity in development. B. the scientific method. C. a hypothesis. D. a theory. 62. Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her Master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in getting started? A. Analyze the information she has gathered. B. Draw conclusions from the collected data. C. Conceptualize the problem to be studied. D. Begin to collect information. 63. Which of the following statements is NOT true of a theory? A. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena. B. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions. C. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others. D. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that suggests hypotheses. 64. Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on A. the unconscious mind. B. thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes. C. behavior's link to environment. D. biology and evolution. 65. Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development? A. the child’s cognitive creativity B. genes inherited from parents C. late experiences with parents D. early experiences with parents 66. Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills. Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the _____ stage. A. phallic B. anal C. latency D. oral 67. Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of human development? A. experiences in early life B. psychosexual C. experiences in late life D. psychosocial 68. Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are A. developmental landmarks with increased vulnerability. B. developmental landmarks with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials. C. catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises. D. developmental landmarks with enhanced potentials.69. According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the _____ stage. A. trust versus mistrust B. initiative versus guilt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus identity confusion 70. At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly’s mom encourages her to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson's stage theory, Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop A. trust. B. her identity. C. initiative. D. altruism. 71. The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of _____ results in a healthy sense of independence. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. initiative versus guilt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus identity confusion 72. Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy? A. discontinuity B. multidirectionality C. stability D. nature 73. If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively construct their own view of the world, then your personal theory is most similar to that of A. Vygotsky. B. Piaget. C. Erikson. D. Freud. 74. While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on _____ in explaining child cognitive development. A. social interaction. B. concrete operations. C. formal operations. D. organization and adaptation. 75. Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, what is the most important tool he will use to do this? A. mobility B. sensory perceptions C. language D. information-processing 76. Who among the following is a cognitive theorist? A. Vygotsky B. Freud C. Erikson D. Both Freud and Erikson were cognitive theorists.77. The information-processing approach to development is mainly concerned with A. the influence of culture on development. B. how people interpret and use knowledge. C. the influence of age on learning. D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development. 78. Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it? A. ethological theory B. Piaget's cognitive development theory C. information-processing theory D. psychoanalytic theory 79. Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous? A. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development B. Freud's theory of personality development C. the information-processing theory D. Piaget's theory of cognitive development 80. Skinner claimed that we should only study that which can be _____ and _____. A. observed; measured B. observed; changed C. learned; changed D. rewarded; punished 81. Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the BEST way to solve this problem is to A. explore experiences from Nathan's early childhood. B. administer an IQ test to determine Nathan's cognitive potential. C. determine how Nathan's expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior. D.show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so. 82. Which theory would provide the BEST support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave? A. Skinner's behaviorism B. Piaget's cognitive theory C. Erikson's psychosocial stages D. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory 83. Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories? A. devotes inadequate attention to environmental determinants B. devotes inadequate attention to developmental changes C. devotes inadequate attention to behavioral changes D. devotes inadequate attention to how people learn 84. A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is A. developmental changes. B. environmental influences on behavior. C. the role of unconsciousness in behavior. D. the role of cognition in development. 85. Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of A. Erikson's developmental crises. B. Piaget's cognitive stages. C. Skinner's operant conditioning. D. Bandura's social learning.86. Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. A social cognitive theorist would say that her children will most likely A. learn quickly not to disobey. B. learn to hit others in similar situations. C. become well-behaved people. D. rebel and become more disobedient. 87. The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called A. positive reinforcement. B. bonding. C. sensitive period. D. imprinting. 88. Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development? A. ecological B. behavioral C. cognitive D. ethological 89. Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory? A. cognitive B. ecological C. ethological D. behavioral 90. Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support? A. ecological B. social learning C. ethological D. cognitive 91. Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequences of this be? A. The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth. B. Life-span development will likely not be optimal. C. As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced. D. The outcome will depend on the child's temperament. 92. While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of A. cognition. B. parental genes. C. the environment. D. evolution. 93. Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to A. environmental settings. B. biological foundations. C. social considerations. D. microdimensions of culture.94. Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences in studying their ecological systems, we are focusing on the difference in _____. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem 95. Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child’s attachment relations with him. This type of interaction illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a A. microsystem. B. exosystem. C. chronosystem. D. macrosystem. 96. Baltes' assertion that development is contextual best fits with which developmental theory? A. psychoanalytic B. social cognitive C. ecological D. ethological 97. Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem. 98. An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that A. development is a predictable and rigid process. B. no single theory can account for all of human development. C. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts. D. contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950. 99. A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using? A. dynamic B. eclectic C. fragmented D. ethological 100.The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate? A. eclectic B. life-span C. psychoanalytic D. social learning 101.A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a A. case study. B. naturalistic observation. C. standardized test. D. survey.102.Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory? A. In a laboratory setting, the subjects likely know they are being observed. B. The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting. C. participants will behave more naturally in a natural setting. D. A laboratory setting may unfairly represent certain populations. 103.Dr. Sam collects data on how often strangers approach one another by sitting at the park on weekend afternoons and jotting down what people do. One strength of this observational approach is that it A. occurs in a real-world setting. B. involves a structured set of interview questions. C. allows for a great deal of control over the observational setting. D. shows how people behave when they know they are being observed. 104.Which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home? A. case study B. standardized test C. naturalistic observation D. interview 105.What is the main problem with survey research? A. It is expensive to conduct. B. Participants may give inaccurate responses. C. It is only biased or unclear. D. It cannot be conducted in a laboratory setting. 106.Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with standardized tests? A. People may behave differently in different settings. B. Their use assumes that people’s behaviors are consistent and stable. C. People’s performances may be influenced by their emotions in different settings. D. They allow an individual’s performance to be compared with that of another. 107.Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using a case study to explore a developmental issue? A. The unique aspects of one person’s life cannot be tested in other individuals. B. Conclusions of case studies have limited reliability. C. Conclusions drawn from case studies are unique and cannot be generalized to other members of a population. D.It may focus on nearly any aspect of the participant’s life for the researcher to understand the person’s mind and behavior. 108.A researcher chooses to study one pregnant teen in great detail by taking frequent measures of her behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Which method does this researcher use? A. case study B. questionnaire C. standardized test D. naturalistic observation 109.Someone with an extremely rare condition, like lycanthropy, would most likely be studied using what method? A. questionnaire B. survey C. case study D. naturalistic observation110.Assessment of hormones in the bloodstream is a type of A. physiological measure. B. standardized test. C. case study. D. naturalistic observation. 111.Which research design aims to observe and record behavior? A. experimental B. descriptive C. correlational D. All of these answers are correct. 112.If it is shown that people who eat bananas are more likely to have diabetes, it does not necessarily mean that bananas cause diabetes because _____ does not equal _____. A. experimentation; causation B. experimentation; correlation C. causation; correlation D. correlation; causation 113.If a researcher finds that the number of positive statements parents say to their children is positively correlated with the children's self-esteem, the researcher could correctly conclude that A. more negative parental feedback causes low self-esteem in children. B. more positive parental feedback causes high self-esteem in children. C. more positive parental feedback is related to low self-esteem in children. D. more positive parental feedback is related to high self-esteem in children. 114.Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship? A. –0.93 B. +0.87 C. +0.13 D. –0.47 115.A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates A. no relationship between variables. B. a positive correlation between variables. C. an inverse relationship between variables. D. a higher relationship between variables than if the coefficient is –1. 116.Which research method is used to determine causality? A. correlational B. experimental C. observational D. descriptive 117.Dr. Lewis wants to determine the physical effects of ADHD medication dosages on children aged 8 to 15. What kind of study will he most likely conduct? A. descriptive B. experimental C. longitudinal D. correlational 118.Which of the following is manipulated during an experiment? A. dependent variable B. correlation coefficient C. independent variable D. observed effect119.A psychologist designs an experiment to determine if the number of adults’ eye contacts with children would increase the number of children's smiles. In this study, the number of A. children’s smiles is the independent variable. B. adults’ eye contacts with children is the dependent variable. C. adults’ eye contacts with children is the independent variable. D. children’s smiles is the correlative variable. 120.A researcher studies the effect of exercise on stamina. Participants are randomly assigned to be in an exercise or no-exercise group for 12 weeks. Stamina is then measured by how long participants can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is A. the number of minutes on the treadmill. B. whether the participants are in the exercise program or not. C. the heart rate during the exercise program. D. whether the duration of the exercise program is 12 weeks or longer. 121.In an experiment to determine the effects of an antidepressant medication, half of the subjects receive the medication and half receive a placebo, which is a harmless sugar pill without any medication effects. The group of people who receive the placebo is the _____ group. A. random B. control C. experimental D. correlation 122.Random assignment is used in experiments because researchers want to A. guarantee that the results will be statistically significant. B. ensure that people from different social classes will be in separate groups. C. ensure that the experimental results are not merely correlational. D . reduce the likelihood that the experiment's results will be due to any preexisting differences between the experimental and control groups. 123.To chart the development of gross motor coordination over the life span, researchers tested individuals ranging in age from childhood to old age. Which approach did they take? A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. both cross-sectional and longitudinal D. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal 124.Professor Fischer observes a group of participants over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this? A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. both cross-sectional and longitudinal D. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal 125.Sheri answered a life satisfaction rating survey every 5 years between the ages of 20 and 65. What type of study was this? A. cross-sectional B. naturalistic observation C. longitudinal D. experimental 126.Cohort effects are NOT due to which of the following? A. a person's time of birth B. a person's era C. a person's age D. a person's generation127.Before his study begins, Dr. Holly lets the subjects know that their participation will include a small, weekly time commitment and may arouse negative thoughts and feelings about past academic experiences. This is an example of A. deception. B. debriefing. C. confidentiality. D. informed consent. 128.Which of the following is NOT a form of bias that is discussed in the textbook? A. gender B. socioeconomic C. cultural D. ethnic 129.The term "ethnic gloss" refers to a tendency to make ethnic groups appear to A. be more homogeneous than they really are. B. be more diverse than they really are. C. commit more crimes than they actually do. D. be more different than each other than they really are. 130.Define development and discuss the period it encompasses. 131.Describe how the traditional approach to development differs from the life-span approach. 132.Describe each of Paul Baltes' life-span development characteristics. 133.List the three types of contextual influences that affect development in the contextual view, and give an example of each.134.Briefly define biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes. 135.Identify and briefly describe the four ways that age has been conceptualized. 136.Briefly discuss the nature-nurture issue. 137.Briefly discuss the stability-change issue. 138.Identify which developmental issue is addressed in each of the following questions. 1. Can enriched experiences in adolescence remove the negative effects of poverty and/or neglect in childhood? 2. Are girls less likely to do well in math because of a masculine bias in society? 3. Does development occur primarily in distinct stages or in a more gradual and cumulative manner? a. stability and change b. continuity and discontinuity c. nature and nurture139.Briefly discuss the early-experience versus later-experience issue. 140.Briefly discuss the continuity-discontinuity issue. 141.What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? 142.List Freud's psychosexual stages in order. 143.In what way do the ethological and ecological theories of development relate to the nature-nurture issue? 144.List three of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, and give a brief definition of each.145.What is an eclectic approach and why is it recommended for studying life-span development? 146.Briefly describe observation, survey and interview, standardized testing, case study, and physiological measures as types of data collecting in research. 147.Briefly describe the cross-sectional approach to research. 148.Briefly describe the longitudinal approach to research. 149.Describe three ethical concerns regarding research. 150.Explain the concept of ethnic gloss.151.List one contribution and one criticism of psychoanalytic theories. 152.List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development. 153.List one contribution and one criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories of development. 154.Compare and contrast ethological and ecological theories.1 Key 1. (p. 5) Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________. A. birth; middle adulthood B. birth; old age C. conception; early adulthood D. conception; death APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #1 Topic: Studying Life-Span Development 2. (p. 6) Which of the following gives the BEST description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"? A. growth and decline in skills and processes B. growth and decline in skills and processes from birth to adolescence C. growth in skills and processes D. decline in skills and processes APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #2 Topic: Studying Life-Span Development 3. (p. 6) Life-span development is the study of human development from conception to death. Historically, however, most of the focus has been on which age group? A. children and adolescents B. young adults C. middle-aged adults D. the elderly APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #3 Topic: Studying Life-Span Development 4. (p. 6) The upper boundary of the human lifespan is __________ years. A. 105 B. 117 C. 122 D. 131 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #4 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 5. (p. 6) Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century, life expectancy A. in the U.S. has increased by 15 years. B. in the world has increased by 15 years. C. in the U.S. has increased by 30 years. D. in the world has increased by 30 years. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #5 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective6. (p. 6) According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development? A. infancy–childhood B. adolescence–early adulthood C. middle-aged to late adulthood D. No single age group dominates development. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #6 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 7. (p. 6) Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns? A. traditional B. life-span C. ethological D. ecological APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #7 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 8. (p. 6) Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a Human Development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional developmental approach. They disagree about A. the plasticity of development. B. the multidimensional nature of development. C. whether development is lifelong. D. whether development is multidirectional. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #8 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 9. (p. 6) Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean? A. Development is not dominated by any single age period. B. Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. C. Development is characterized by both growth and decline. D . Development needs psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists to work together in unlocking the mysteries of development. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #9 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 10. (p. 6) Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that development is A. lifelong. B. multidirectional. C. multidimensional. D. plastic. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #10 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective11. (p. 6) Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #11 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 12. (p. 6-7) Which of the following is NOT one of Paul Baltes' eight characteristics of the life-span perspective on development? A. lifelong and multidirectional B. multidimensional and plastic C. contextual D. unidirectional APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #12 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 13. (p. 6-7) Many older adults become wiser by calling on experiential knowledge, yet they perform poorly on cognitive speed tests. This is an example of how development is A. plastic. B. contextual. C. multidimensional. D. multidirectional. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #13 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 14. (p. 6-7) The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an example of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #14 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 15. (p. 7) Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual? A. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining. B. Parents in the United States are more likely to rear their children to be independent than parents in Japan. C. Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making. D. Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #15 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective16. (p. 7) In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #16 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 17. (p. 7) Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as A. multidirectional. B. multidimensional. C. contextual. D. plastic. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #17 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 18. (p. 7) Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative history-graded influence. C. normative age-graded influence. D. nonnormative age-graded influence. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #18 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 19. (p. 7) The fact that I use e-mail virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an e-mail is an example of a difference in A. normative history-graded influences. B. nonnormative life events. C. normative age-graded influences. D. nonnormative age-graded influence. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #19 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 20. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are A. nonnormative life events. B. normative age-graded influences. C. normative history-graded influences. D. normative contextual influences. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #20 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective21. (p. 8) Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative age-graded influence. C. normative history-graded influence. D. normative contextual influence. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #21 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 22. (p. 8) Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on A. growth and maintenance. B. maintenance and regulation of loss. C. regulation of loss. D. growth and regulation of loss. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #22 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 23. (p. 9) Contemporary concerns in life-span development perspective include A. health and well-being issues. B. parenting and education issues. C. sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues. D. All of these answers are correct. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #23 Topic: Contemporary Concerns 24. (p. 10) Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up A. in poverty. B. in single-parent homes. C. addicted to heroin. D. as part of a minority group. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #24 Topic: Contemporary Concerns 25. (p. 10) Children living in poverty are more likely to A. be separated from a parent. B. be exposed to violence. C. be exposed to family turmoil. D. be in all these situations. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #25 Topic: Contemporary Concerns26. (p. 10) The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is A. only half as much as some other industrialized nations. B. more than twice as much as that in Canada. C. lowest among the industrial countries. D. not high enough to draw people’s concerns. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #26 Topic: Contemporary Concerns 27. (p. 11) A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is the A. increasing numbers who live in poverty. B. increase in elder abuse. C. failure of the health care system to address their needs. D. need for funding public pensions. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #27 Topic: Contemporary Concerns 28. (p. 13) At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the _______ process of Jillian's lifespan development. A. ecological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #28 Topic: Cognitive Processes 29. (p. 13) Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the _______ process. A. neurological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #29 Topic: Socioemotional Processes 30. (p. 13) Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked? A. abstract B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #30 Topic: Biological Processes31. (p. 13) Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development? A. These processes develop independently of one another. B. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven. C. Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development. D. Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #31 Topic: Biological Processes 32. (p. 14) The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9 months is called A. prenatal. B. infancy. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #32 Topic: Periods of Development 33. (p. 14) Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #33 Topic: Periods of Development 34. (p. 14) Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of development is he most likely in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #34 Topic: Periods of Development 35. (p. 14) The period of early childhood ends when the child A. is toilet trained. B. learns to dress herself. C. starts first grade. D. has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #35 Topic: Periods of Development36. (p. 14) Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. What period of development is she most likely in? A. middle childhood B. late childhood C. adolescence D. primary years APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #36 Topic: Periods of Development 37. (p. 15) Most traditional college students are considered to be in what developmental period? A. late childhood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #37 Topic: Periods of Development 38. (p. 16) Paulo is struggling to juggle school, work, and relationships while he is beginning to become more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late childhood B. adolescence C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #38 Topic: Periods of Development 39. (p. 16) Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young people. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late adulthood B. middle adulthood C. early adulthood D. stability and regulation APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #39 Topic: Periods of Development 40. (p. 16) Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. However, she needs to pay more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in A. late adolescence. B. early adulthood. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #40 Topic: Periods of Development41. (p. 16) At what age do most people claim to be happiest in the U.S.? A. 19 years B. 25 years C. 42 years D. 88 years APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #41 Topic: Age and Happiness 42. (p. 16) At what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group? A. 50 years B. 65 years C. 75 years D. 85 years APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #42 Topic: Periods of Development 43. (p. 16) What developmental period is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress, and frailty? A. oldest old B. young old C. late adulthood D. middle adulthood APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #43 Topic: Periods of Development 44. (p. 16) Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these students most likely in? A. middle childhood B. adolescence C. young adulthood D. late childhood APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #44 Topic: Periods of Development 45. (p. 18) Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________ age. A. social B. biological C. chronological D. psychological APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #45 Topic: Conceptions of Age46. (p. 18) Which of the following is NOT a commonly conceptualized way of viewing age? A. biological age B. cognitive age C. social age D. psychological age APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #46 Topic: Conceptions of Age 47. (p. 18) Becoming a grandmother is an example of _____ age. A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. psychological APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #47 Topic: Conceptions of Age 48. (p. 18) Mrs. B is a 66-year-old. She dreads retirement, saying that she has no hobbies and no ideas about how she will structure her new abundance of time. She is experiencing difficulty with her _____ age. A. biological B. social C. chronological D. psychological APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #48 Topic: Conceptions of Age 49. (p. 18) The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #49 Topic: Conceptions of Age 50. (p. 18) Jerry is 60 years old and is training for his first marathon. He has strong muscles and is in perfect health. Jerry is relatively young in his _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #50 Topic: Conceptions of Age51. (p. 18) A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are called _____ age. A. psychological B. social C. biological D. coping APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #51 Topic: Conceptions of Age 52. (p. 19) Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that his father had ADHD as well. Brent most likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by A. nature. B. nurture. C. stability. D. continuity. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #52 Topic: Nature and Nurture 53. (p. 19) In the nature/nurture debate, one's _____ is related to "nature," while one's _____ is related to "nurture." A. biological inheritance; environment B. age; environment C. biological inheritance; behavior D. environment; biological inheritance APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #53 Topic: Nature and Nurture 54. (p. 19) During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends, neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of _____ on development. A. biology and environment B. biology C. environment D. cognitive acuity and coping skills APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #54 Topic: Nature and Nurture 55. (p. 19) Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This example relates to the developmental issue of A. stability and nature. B. stability and change. C. continuity and discontinuity. D. nature and nurture. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #55 Topic: Stability and Change56. (p. 19) In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that A. development is more continuous than discontinuous. B. for the most part, people can't change. C. nature is more important than nurture. D . development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is characterized by continuity and discontinuity, and also by stability and change. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #56 Topic: Nature and Nurture Topic: Stability and Change 57. (p. 19) The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following? A. stability B. change C. nature D. nurture APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #57 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective Topic: Stability and Change 58. (p. 19) Reactive Attachment Disorder is thought to be a lifelong condition caused by a lack of nurturing care during the early years of life. This diagnosis aligns with the developmental issue of A. stability. B. change. C. nature. D. discontinuity. APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #58 Topic: Stability and Change 59. (p. 19) Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This is an example of which developmental issue? A. multidirectionality B. multidimensionality C. nature and nurture D. stability and change APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #59 Topic: Stability and Change 60. (p. 19) The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts? A. plasticity. B. contextualism. C. multidimensionalism. D. multidirectionality. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes; periods; and issues in development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #60 Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective Topic: Stability and Change61. (p. 21) Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe A. discontinuity in development. B. the scientific method. C. a hypothesis. D. a theory. APA Outcome: 2.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #61 Topic: Scientific Method 62. (p. 21) Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her Master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in getting started? A. Analyze the information she has gathered. B. Draw conclusions from the collected data. C. Conceptualize the problem to be studied. D. Begin to collect information. APA Outcome: 2.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development. Santrock - Chapter 01 #62 Topic: Scientific Method 63. (p. 21) Which of the following statements is NOT true of a theory? A. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena. B. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions. C. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choo