History Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Introduction
• Frederic Sorrieu in 1848 prepared a series of Four prints Visualising his World made up
of ‘Democratic and Social Republic
• People from Various countries Men and Women of all ages and Social class are paying
homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by.
• He visualises people of Various Countries living with freedom and Liberty.
• The Statue of Liberty hold the Charter of Rights of Man in one hand and the torch of
enlightenment in the other hand
• On the Foreground lies the Shattered remains of Absolutist institutions
• In Frederic’s Utopian vision the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations
identified through their flags and national Costume.
• US and Switzerland lead the march as they were almost national states by that time
• France Followed by Germany with its flag. The time when Sorrieu made the Paintings
Germany had not yet become a national State. He was hoping that it would in the year
1848
US – Switzerland – France – Germany – Austria – The kingdom of two slices –
Lombardy – Poland – England – Ireland – Hungary – Russia
• A national State is one in which majority of its citizens and not only the rulers come to
develop a common sense of identity and Shared History.
I) The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
• In the Year 1789 France was under the rule of Absolute monarch
• French Revolution led to transfer of Sovereignty from Monarchy to the Body of the
Citizens.
Measure taken by the French Citizens to Create a Common Sense of Identity
• The idea of La Partie (The Fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the Citizen) were introduced
• A new French flag (the Tricolour) was chosen to replace the former royal Standard.
• The estate General was elected by the Citizens and was renamed the National Assembly
• New hymns were composed and Oaths were taken in the Name of the Nation
@S C Sai Easwar
,• A centralized administrative system was put in place that formulated equal laws for all
its citizens
• Internal Custom and Duties were abolished
• Uniform weights and Measures were adopted
• Religious Dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the
Nation
• In order to take the idea of Nationalism to other parts of Europe, people of educated
middle class started setting up Jacobin Clubs
• The Army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790’s
• As a result of Revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the idea of nationalism
abroad
Napoleon Bonaparte
• He was a powerful military leader
• He Conquered major parts of Europe
• He believed in Monarchical system
• After he returned to power, he destroyed democracy and establish Civic Code – 1804
also known as the Napoleonic Code
Civic Code 1804
• It removed all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law
• Secured right to property
• It improved transport and Communication System
• Abolished Feudal System
• Serfdom and Manorial Dues were abolished
• It was established in Dutch republic Switzerland Italy and Germanys as well
• However, in the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule
were mixed.
• Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like
Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of
liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility because of the Following: -
i) Increased Taxation
ii) Forced Conscription into the French Army
iii) Censorship
• Hence the disadvantages became more than the Advantages
@S C Sai Easwar
, II) The Making of Nationalism in Europe
• During the Mid-18th Century, there were national States. They were divided into
kingdoms, duchies and Cantons.
• It was under Autocratic Rule.
• They people in these regions were diverse. They did not Share a common Sense of
Identity. They belonged to different ethnic groups and Spoke Different Languages.
Example: -
Habsburg Empire
• It ruled over Hungary, Austria, Alpine regions, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy,
Venetia…
• The only thing common between these people were, they all were under the rule of the
Same emperor
Types of Social Groups and their Problems
• There were mainly 2 kind of people. The aristocrats and the peasants
Aristocrats
• They were Socially and Politically Powerful
• They were numerically a small group, However they were very dominant
• They owned Large estates in the Country sides and Town Houses
• They spoke French for purposes of Diplomacy
• Their Families were connected by Marriage Ties
Peasants
• They were in Majority
• In the western parts they were tenants or small land owners
• In the east they were serfs
• Industrial Growth in Western and Central Europe led to growth of towns and emergence
of new economical class. (Also Called Working class)
• It included Businessmen, industrialists and professionals
• The educated Liberal middle class started demanding liberal nationalism
What did Liberalism Stand for?
• It is derived from the Latin Word “Liber” Meaning “free”
• For new middle-class liberalism stood for: -
In Political Sphere: -
i) Freedom for the individual
ii) Equality before the law
iii) Right to property.
iv) Government by Concern.
@S C Sai Easwar
Introduction
• Frederic Sorrieu in 1848 prepared a series of Four prints Visualising his World made up
of ‘Democratic and Social Republic
• People from Various countries Men and Women of all ages and Social class are paying
homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by.
• He visualises people of Various Countries living with freedom and Liberty.
• The Statue of Liberty hold the Charter of Rights of Man in one hand and the torch of
enlightenment in the other hand
• On the Foreground lies the Shattered remains of Absolutist institutions
• In Frederic’s Utopian vision the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations
identified through their flags and national Costume.
• US and Switzerland lead the march as they were almost national states by that time
• France Followed by Germany with its flag. The time when Sorrieu made the Paintings
Germany had not yet become a national State. He was hoping that it would in the year
1848
US – Switzerland – France – Germany – Austria – The kingdom of two slices –
Lombardy – Poland – England – Ireland – Hungary – Russia
• A national State is one in which majority of its citizens and not only the rulers come to
develop a common sense of identity and Shared History.
I) The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
• In the Year 1789 France was under the rule of Absolute monarch
• French Revolution led to transfer of Sovereignty from Monarchy to the Body of the
Citizens.
Measure taken by the French Citizens to Create a Common Sense of Identity
• The idea of La Partie (The Fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the Citizen) were introduced
• A new French flag (the Tricolour) was chosen to replace the former royal Standard.
• The estate General was elected by the Citizens and was renamed the National Assembly
• New hymns were composed and Oaths were taken in the Name of the Nation
@S C Sai Easwar
,• A centralized administrative system was put in place that formulated equal laws for all
its citizens
• Internal Custom and Duties were abolished
• Uniform weights and Measures were adopted
• Religious Dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the
Nation
• In order to take the idea of Nationalism to other parts of Europe, people of educated
middle class started setting up Jacobin Clubs
• The Army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790’s
• As a result of Revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the idea of nationalism
abroad
Napoleon Bonaparte
• He was a powerful military leader
• He Conquered major parts of Europe
• He believed in Monarchical system
• After he returned to power, he destroyed democracy and establish Civic Code – 1804
also known as the Napoleonic Code
Civic Code 1804
• It removed all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law
• Secured right to property
• It improved transport and Communication System
• Abolished Feudal System
• Serfdom and Manorial Dues were abolished
• It was established in Dutch republic Switzerland Italy and Germanys as well
• However, in the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule
were mixed.
• Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like
Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of
liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility because of the Following: -
i) Increased Taxation
ii) Forced Conscription into the French Army
iii) Censorship
• Hence the disadvantages became more than the Advantages
@S C Sai Easwar
, II) The Making of Nationalism in Europe
• During the Mid-18th Century, there were national States. They were divided into
kingdoms, duchies and Cantons.
• It was under Autocratic Rule.
• They people in these regions were diverse. They did not Share a common Sense of
Identity. They belonged to different ethnic groups and Spoke Different Languages.
Example: -
Habsburg Empire
• It ruled over Hungary, Austria, Alpine regions, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy,
Venetia…
• The only thing common between these people were, they all were under the rule of the
Same emperor
Types of Social Groups and their Problems
• There were mainly 2 kind of people. The aristocrats and the peasants
Aristocrats
• They were Socially and Politically Powerful
• They were numerically a small group, However they were very dominant
• They owned Large estates in the Country sides and Town Houses
• They spoke French for purposes of Diplomacy
• Their Families were connected by Marriage Ties
Peasants
• They were in Majority
• In the western parts they were tenants or small land owners
• In the east they were serfs
• Industrial Growth in Western and Central Europe led to growth of towns and emergence
of new economical class. (Also Called Working class)
• It included Businessmen, industrialists and professionals
• The educated Liberal middle class started demanding liberal nationalism
What did Liberalism Stand for?
• It is derived from the Latin Word “Liber” Meaning “free”
• For new middle-class liberalism stood for: -
In Political Sphere: -
i) Freedom for the individual
ii) Equality before the law
iii) Right to property.
iv) Government by Concern.
@S C Sai Easwar
