Samenvatting learning objectives EP
Chapter 1
Three essential ingredients of natural selection
1. Variation
2. inheritance
3. selection
Gregor mendel inheritance is particulate and. Genes are passed on intact to their offspring
Genotype= the entire collection of genes, they are broken up passed on to their offspring
Genetic determinism= behavior is controlled exclusively by genes
Three misunderstandings about evolutionary theory
1. Human behavior is genetically controlled
- (In reality can’t occur without evolved adaptations and environmental input that activate
these adaptations)
2. If it’s evolutionary we can not change it
- You can change your behavior in different social environments
3. We are optimally designed (not true, mismatches)
Neanderthals go extinct
1. The multiregional continuity theory (MRC)
2. Out of Africa theory (OOA)
MRC OOA
Migration from Africa to different regions in the Modern humans evolves recently in one
world location (Africa) and then migrated to Asia and
Europe
Gene flow between different groups which Replaces previous population, different species,
interbred enough interbreeding was unlikely
Three theories
1. The anatomical evidence suggest that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens differed dramatically
(OOA)
2. The archaeological evidence
- They were quite similar, Neanderthals did not participate in creative explosion (OOA)
3. Genetic evidence
- Neanderthals DNA is distinct from modern humans (OOA)
Explain why radical behaviourism went into scientific decline
Contact comfort monkeys want mother with warm cloth instead of mother who gives food
Problem with radical behaviourism we come preprogramed into this world (experiments nausea
and rats). The organisms come into this world prepared by evolution to learn some things and not
others. We are predisposed to learn some thing easily and other things not
1
, Chapter 2 The new science of evolutionary psychology
Three key products of evolution
1. Adaptations= characteristics that came into existence through natural selection, because
they helped to solve problems of survival and reproduction
2. By-products = don’t solve adaptive problem and do not have a functional design (coupled
with adaptations)
3. Noise= random effects produced by chance mutation, sudden changes in environments or
chance effects during development
Adaptation= umbilical cord, By-product= belly button, Noise= shape of belly button
Evolved psychological mechanism (adaptations)
1. An evolved psychological mechanism exists in the form that it does because it solved a
specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history
2. An evolved psychological mechanism is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information
3. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism tells an organism the particular adaptive
problem it is facing
4. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism is transformed through decision rules or
procedures into output
5. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism can be physiological activity, information
to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behvaior
6. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism is directed toward the solution to a
specific adaptive problem
Procedures for identifying adaptive problems
1. Guidance from modern evolutionary theory
- Adaptative problems of survival and growth, mating, parenting, aiding genetic relatives.
2. Guidance from knowledge of Universal Human Structures
- Example solving problems in group settings and hierarchies
3. Guidance from traditional societies
- Example hunter-gathering societies , how to solve adaptive problem of dividing the work
4. Guidance form Paleoarcheology and Paleoanthropology
5. Guidance from current mechanisms
6. Guidance from task analysis
Chapter 3 Combating the Hostile Forces
Disease-avoidance-hypothesis of disgust Disgust is a hypothesized adaptation that serves as a
defense against microbial attack, protection people from the risk of disease.
Hunting hypotheses and gathering hypothesis
The Gathering hypothesis
- Stone tools used for gathering
- Explain from forests to savanna woodlands
- Diet consisted mainly of plant food
- Hunting came much later and did not play a role in the emergence of modern humans.
The hunting hypothesis
- Can explain the division of labor
- Exploitation of both animals and plants
2
Chapter 1
Three essential ingredients of natural selection
1. Variation
2. inheritance
3. selection
Gregor mendel inheritance is particulate and. Genes are passed on intact to their offspring
Genotype= the entire collection of genes, they are broken up passed on to their offspring
Genetic determinism= behavior is controlled exclusively by genes
Three misunderstandings about evolutionary theory
1. Human behavior is genetically controlled
- (In reality can’t occur without evolved adaptations and environmental input that activate
these adaptations)
2. If it’s evolutionary we can not change it
- You can change your behavior in different social environments
3. We are optimally designed (not true, mismatches)
Neanderthals go extinct
1. The multiregional continuity theory (MRC)
2. Out of Africa theory (OOA)
MRC OOA
Migration from Africa to different regions in the Modern humans evolves recently in one
world location (Africa) and then migrated to Asia and
Europe
Gene flow between different groups which Replaces previous population, different species,
interbred enough interbreeding was unlikely
Three theories
1. The anatomical evidence suggest that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens differed dramatically
(OOA)
2. The archaeological evidence
- They were quite similar, Neanderthals did not participate in creative explosion (OOA)
3. Genetic evidence
- Neanderthals DNA is distinct from modern humans (OOA)
Explain why radical behaviourism went into scientific decline
Contact comfort monkeys want mother with warm cloth instead of mother who gives food
Problem with radical behaviourism we come preprogramed into this world (experiments nausea
and rats). The organisms come into this world prepared by evolution to learn some things and not
others. We are predisposed to learn some thing easily and other things not
1
, Chapter 2 The new science of evolutionary psychology
Three key products of evolution
1. Adaptations= characteristics that came into existence through natural selection, because
they helped to solve problems of survival and reproduction
2. By-products = don’t solve adaptive problem and do not have a functional design (coupled
with adaptations)
3. Noise= random effects produced by chance mutation, sudden changes in environments or
chance effects during development
Adaptation= umbilical cord, By-product= belly button, Noise= shape of belly button
Evolved psychological mechanism (adaptations)
1. An evolved psychological mechanism exists in the form that it does because it solved a
specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history
2. An evolved psychological mechanism is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information
3. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism tells an organism the particular adaptive
problem it is facing
4. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism is transformed through decision rules or
procedures into output
5. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism can be physiological activity, information
to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behvaior
6. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism is directed toward the solution to a
specific adaptive problem
Procedures for identifying adaptive problems
1. Guidance from modern evolutionary theory
- Adaptative problems of survival and growth, mating, parenting, aiding genetic relatives.
2. Guidance from knowledge of Universal Human Structures
- Example solving problems in group settings and hierarchies
3. Guidance from traditional societies
- Example hunter-gathering societies , how to solve adaptive problem of dividing the work
4. Guidance form Paleoarcheology and Paleoanthropology
5. Guidance from current mechanisms
6. Guidance from task analysis
Chapter 3 Combating the Hostile Forces
Disease-avoidance-hypothesis of disgust Disgust is a hypothesized adaptation that serves as a
defense against microbial attack, protection people from the risk of disease.
Hunting hypotheses and gathering hypothesis
The Gathering hypothesis
- Stone tools used for gathering
- Explain from forests to savanna woodlands
- Diet consisted mainly of plant food
- Hunting came much later and did not play a role in the emergence of modern humans.
The hunting hypothesis
- Can explain the division of labor
- Exploitation of both animals and plants
2
