NUR NUR3125 Musculoskeletal System Disorders Worksheet (GRADED A) | 31 Q&A | 100% GUARANTEED PASS.

Gould Chapter 9 Musculoskeletal System Disorders 1. How do osteoblasts differ from osteoclasts? What stimulates osteoblastic activity? What stimulates osteoclastic activity? Blasts build; clasts destroy PTH stimulates osteoclasts; estrogen stimulates osteoblast 2. Describe how bone grows and lengthens during the lifespan. What causes bone to become weak? How can bone be maintained? -long bones continue to lengthen through the addition of bone tissue at the epiphyseal plate. They also increase in width through appositional growth. The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone. - weaken your bones by eating a poor diet, smoking and lacking in exercise - Start prevention measures early, Opt for a diet high in alkaline, Eat raw, avoid meat, Exercise regularly, Get enough calcium and vitamin D. 3. Compare and contrast yellow and red marrow and where it is found. - Red bone marrow is the bone marrow that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets while the yellow bone marrow produces fat cells; Red bone marrow helps the body in its everyday functions while the yellow bone marrow helps the body survive extreme cases of hunger and blood loss; Red bone marrow can be found in flat bones such as the hip bone, the skull, and the ribs while yellow bone marrow can be found inside the hollow of long bones like the bones of the arms and the legs. 4. What are the functions of bone? -Structure: the physical composition of bone allows it to take on different shapes which in turn; Physical protection: the inorganic mineral composition of bone gives it a high degree; Movement: bones don't create movement but act as levers for their attached muscles to pull on. 5. Define the difference between tendons and ligaments. - tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects two bones. Tendons let your muscles move bones, whereas ligaments stabilize joints. 6. Research and explain what causes muscles to hypertrophy and what causes them to atrophy and write a paragraph on it here. - most common type of muscular hypertrophy occurs as a result of physical exercise such as weightlifting, and the term is often associated with weight training. - Muscle atrophy is when muscles waste away. The main reason for muscle wasting is a lack of physical activity. This can happen when a disease or injury makes it difficult or impossible for you to move an arm or leg. A symptom of atrophied muscles is an arm that appears smaller, but not shorter, than the other arm. 7. What is the difference between a complete or incomplete fracture? Closed or open fracture? - complete fracture means that the fracture line goes completely across the bone — through the cortex. Incomplete fractures usually seen in children, have a fracture line that only crosses part of the bone. - In a closed fracture, the broken bone doesn’t break your skin. An open fracture is also called a compound fracture. 8. Why are spiral fractures a potential sign of abuse? - happens when a long bone is torn in half by a twisting force or impact; because they are a result of jerking or forceful twisting of a limb. 9. Describe what a pathological fracture is and what might cause them? How does Paget disease lead to pathological fractures? - bone fracture caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure; causes: cancer, infection, inherited bone disorders, or a bone cyst. -paget: bone deformity 10. Compare the Colles fracture to the Pott (which body parts do they affect and how do they usually occur?) - Colles fracture: fracture of the distal portion of the radius within 1 inch of the wrist joint, commonly occurs when a person attempts to break a fall by putting the hands down, Pott's Fracture: occurs at the distal end of the fibula and is characterized by chipping off a piece of the medial malleolus with a displacement of the foot outward. 11. Briefly describe how bones repair themselves following an injury and some of the major concerns that interfere with bone healing. - forms a protective blood clot and callus around the fracture; New "threads" of bone cells start to grow on both sides of the fracture line; fracture closes and the callus is absorbed. -nutrition, age 12. What is compartment syndrome in bone and what causes it? How do we treat it? -Increased pressure in a muscle compartment causing muscle and nerve damage along with pain; Caused by injury, accident or bleeding; Analgesics, Apply ice to the affected area, Elevate the affected portion, Immobilization, Fasciotomy, Physical therapy… 13. Fat emboli can cause a pulmonary embolism. How do they form and get into the blood stream? - occur if fatty tissue is damaged or manipulated, causing clumps of fat cells to enter the circulation, where they can lodge in the pulmonary circulation 14. What is the difference between a nonunion and a malunion of bone? - Nonunion is when the bone does not heal properly leaving the limb with pain and instability. When a fracture heals in a deformed position or with shortening of the limb, this is called a malunion. In children, the growth plate can sustain damage that results in limb deformity and shortening 15. Define crepitus and what causes it. - a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone (knee- tear in meniscus) 16. What is the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation? - dislocation is the act of displacing, or the state of being displaced while subluxation is (pathology) the partial dislocation of one of the bones of a joint. 17. What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? How long do these take to heal? - strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon and a sprain has affected ligament tissue. Both occur at joints where ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to muscles. Healing about 5 days but up to 6wks. 18. What factors contribute to osteoporosis and how do these contribute to compression fractures in the vertebrae? - lack of calcium or vitamin D, not enough exercise (especially strength training), smoking and too much alcohol; 19. What medications and life style changes can help increase bone density? - biphosphanates; risedronate; alendronate, exercise, vitamin D 20. What is the underlying deficit that leads to rickets and osteomalacia? - common cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D or calcium in a child's diet. Both are essential for children to develop strong and healthy bones. 21. Osteomyelitis is a dangerous condition where a bone develops an infection. Research how it can lead to amputations and deformities. Briefly write what you find on the subject and how it is treated. - diabetic osteomyelitis in patients with severe limb or life-threatening infections; partial resection of infected bone, partial foot amputations, major limb amputations, or open guillotine amputation for acute necrotizing infections in an attempt to reduce mortality; Osteomyelitis results from infection of the bone by bacteria or fungi, swelling can lead to lack of blood flow and the infections can lead to necrosis. 22. Define kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis and in which populations we see these spinal deformities. How can kyphosis and scoliosis affect your patients breathing? -kyphosis: An abnormality of the spine causing excessive curvature with pain and stiffness. -lordosis: excessive inward curvature of the spine in the lower back. (compression on the larynx) - scoliosis: condition characterized by sideways curvature of the spine or back bone. 23. At what age does osteosarcoma usually develop? How have bone salvage operations helped children who develop this cancer? - between 15–25 years; remove the cancer and a margin of healthy tissue, implant a prosthesis or bone graft (when necessary), and close the wound by transferring soft tissue and muscle from other parts of the patient's body to the surgical site. 24. Where do chondrosarcomas usually develop in adolescents and young adults? Why do bone cancers often cause secondary lung cancers? - in the shoulder girdle, pelvis, hip, and long bones. 25. How is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) different from other forms of MD? What are the common features of the disorder that can be seen on gross assessment? What is Gower’s sign? What is the average lifespan for these children? -DMD: genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness; caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact; affecting the muscles of the hips, pelvic area, thighs and shoulders, and later the skeletal (voluntary) muscles in the arms, legs and trunk. The calves often are enlarged; medical sign that indicates weakness of the proximal muscles, namely those of the lower limb; 27years 26. What is fibromyalgia and how can it be diagnosed on assessment? - Syndrome that affects muscle and soft tissue; chronic muscle pain, fatigue, sleep problems, and painful tender points or trigger points, which can be relieved through medications, lifestyle changes and stress management 27. Compare and contrast osteoarthritis to rheumatoid arthritis including causes, symptoms, and treatments. - Osteoarthritis is a slow and progressive degenerative joint disease, that is, it will slowly develop over years of wear-and-tear on the joints and cartilage. -rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and systemic disease in which your immune system wrongly attacks the lining of your joints; may develop gradually, but it can also appear quite suddenly. Characteristic Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis Type of disease Autoimmune disease Degenerative disease Onset of disease 20 to 40 years old, but can occur any time in life Usually begins after 50 Speed of onset Rapid, within a year Slow, over several years Time of outbreak Worse in the morning or after lack of activity or rest Worsens with activity throughout the day Symptoms Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion, fatigue Joint pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion Location of symptoms Causes swelling in pairs of joints such hands, ankles, and wrists Affects weight-bearing joints such as hips, knees, and spine; but also hands Prevalence of disease About 1.5 million people in the U.S. About 27 million people in the U.S. “