Saturday, September 04, 2021
➢ METAPLASIA
UNDERSTANDING OF CANCER o This is the replacement of one adult cell type by a
different adult cell type.
➢ DYSPLASIA
LEARNING OUTCOMES o Changes in cell size, shape and organization.
➢ ANAPLASIA
At the of this chapter the learner should be able to:
o This is the reverse cellular development to a more
1. Identify the Nurses’ roles in the prevention of cancer and in
primitive or embryonic cell type.
health education
➢ METASTASES
2. Discuss the pathophysiology of cancer and its clinical
o Spread of cancer
manifestations
➢ ADENOCARCINOMA
3. Apply the nursing process to identify care of the client in the
o Cancer that arises from glandular tissues
diagnosis and treatment phases of cancer
➢ CARCINOMA
4. Value the nurses’ role in providing quality, comprehensive,
o This is the form of cancer that compose of epithelial
individualized, ethical and humane care to client with cancer.
cells.
➢ SACOMA
Essential Concepts of Cancer
o This is the cancer of supporting or connective tissue
1. What is Cancer?
➢ CARCINOGENS
2. Normal Cell Growth vs. Cancer Cell Growth
o This is the factors that are associated with cancer
3. Etiology and Causative Factors
causation.
4. Pathophysiology
5. Classification of Tumors
6. Effects of Cancer WHAT IS CANCER?
Nursing Process
1. Assessment
CANCER is a complex of diseases which occurs when normal cells mutate
2. Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests
into abnormal cells that take over normal tissue, eventually harming and
3. Tumor Staging and Grading
destroying the host.
4. Nursing Diagnoses & Planning
Note:
5. Implementation and Management
Cancer is a renegade system of growth that originates within a patient’s
Treatment Modalities
biosystem, more commonly known as the human body. There are many
1. Chemotherapy
different types of cancers, but all share one hallmark characteristic:
2. Radiotherapy
unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion.
End-of-Life Issues
It is difficult to imagine anyone who has not heard of this illness. Most
people have been affected because either they or their loved ones or
TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO ONCOLOGY / friends are cancer survivors.
Because cancer is so prevalent, people have many questions about its
CANCER NURSING biology, detection, diagnosis, possible causes, and strategies for prevention.
➢ ONCOLOGY – CANCER
CANCER is a large group of diseases characterized by:
o This is the medical specialty that deals with diagnosis
➢ Uncontrolled growth and spread or abnormal cells
and the treatment and the study of cancer.
➢ Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division)
➢ BENIGN NEOPLASM
➢ Metastasis (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ
o This is a harmless growth that is not yet spread, not
or part to another not directly connected)
yet invade the other tissues of the patient.
Note:
➢ NEOPLASIA
Cancer may spell death to some and mutilation to others.
o It is the abnormal cellular changes and growth of the
The legend surrounding cancer like malignant disease often focusing in
tissues.
incurability or it help foster feeling of hopelessness and powerlessness.
➢ HYPERPLASIA
Nurses may have negative attitude same to other people that exist in the
o Increase in cell number.
community, therefore, it is imperative for nurses to examine their own
➢ HYPERTHORPHY
feelings and try to work these feelings through increasing our knowledge
o This is the increasing of size.
in the disease, its treatment and by discussing our own feeling openly with
other member of the health care team.
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 1
,Note: Note:
Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth control. In normal tissues, the To illustrate what is meant by normal growth control, consider the skin.
rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance. In cancer, The thin outermost layer of normal skin, called the epidermis, is roughly a
this balance is disrupted. This disruption can result from uncontrolled cell dozen cells thick. Cells in the bottom row of this layer, called the basal
growth or loss of a cell's ability to undergo cell suicide / "apoptosis." layer, divide just fast enough to replenish cells that are continually being
shed from the surface of the skin. Each time one of these basal cells
divides, it produces two cells. One remains in the basal layer and retains
the capacity to divide. The other migrates out of the basal layer and loses
the capacity to divide. The number of dividing cells in the basal layer,
therefore, stays the same.
Note:
Oncogenes
➢ One group of the genes implicated on the development of
cancer are damaged genes.
➢ Are genes that is present in certain forms and or overactivity
can stimulate the development of cancer. Note:
➢ When the oncogenes arise in normal cells, they contribute to During the development of skin cancer, the normal balance between cell
the development of cancer by instructing cells to make more division and cell loss is disrupted. The basal cells now divide faster than is
proteins that stimulate excessive cell growth and cell division. needed to replenish the cells being shed from the surface of the skin.
Each time one of these basal cells divides, the two newly formed cells will
often retain the capacity to divide, thereby leading to an increase in the
total number of dividing cells.
This gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creates a growing mass
of tissue called a "tumor" or "neoplasm." If the rate of cell division is
relatively rapid, and no "suicide" signals are in place to trigger cell death,
the tumor will grow quickly in size; if the cells divide more slowly, tumor
growth will be slower. But regardless of the growth rate, tumors
ultimately increase in size because new cells are being produced in greater
numbers than needed. As more and more of these dividing cells accumulate,
the normal organization of the tissue gradually becomes disrupted.
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 2
, Note: Note:
Cancers are capable of spreading throughout the body by two One way of identifying the various causes of cancer is by studying
mechanisms: invasion and metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct populations and behaviors. This approach compares cancer rates among
migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. various groups of people exposed to different factors or exhibiting
Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic different behaviors. A striking finding to emerge from population studies
and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade is that cancers arise with different frequencies in different areas of the
normal tissues elsewhere in the body. world. For example, stomach cancer is especially frequent in Japan, colon
cancer is prominent in the United States, and skin cancer is common in
Australia. What is the reason for the high rates of specific kinds of cancer
ETIOLOGY / CAUSATIVE FACTORS in certain countries?
➢ Viruses
➢ Chemical Carcinogens
➢ Physical Stressors
➢ Hormonal Factors
➢ Genetic Factors
Food of Cancer are Stress and Sugar
Note:
Chemicals (e.g., from smoking), radiation, viruses, and heredity all contribute
to the development of cancer by triggering changes in a cell's genes.
Chemicals and radiation act by damaging genes, viruses introduce their own
genes into cells, and heredity passes on alterations in genes that make a
person more susceptible to cancer. Genes are inherited instructions that
reside within a person's chromosomes. Each gene instructs a cell how to
Note: build a specific product--in most cases, a particular kind of protein. Genes
Cancer is often perceived as a disease that strikes for no apparent are altered, or "mutated," in various ways as part of the mechanism by
reason. While scientists don't yet know all the reasons, many of the causes which cancer arises.
of cancer have already been identified. Besides intrinsic factors such as
heredity, diet, and hormones, scientific studies point to key extrinsic
factors that contribute to the cancer's development: chemicals (e.g.,
smoking), radiation, and viruses or bacteria..
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 3
➢ METAPLASIA
UNDERSTANDING OF CANCER o This is the replacement of one adult cell type by a
different adult cell type.
➢ DYSPLASIA
LEARNING OUTCOMES o Changes in cell size, shape and organization.
➢ ANAPLASIA
At the of this chapter the learner should be able to:
o This is the reverse cellular development to a more
1. Identify the Nurses’ roles in the prevention of cancer and in
primitive or embryonic cell type.
health education
➢ METASTASES
2. Discuss the pathophysiology of cancer and its clinical
o Spread of cancer
manifestations
➢ ADENOCARCINOMA
3. Apply the nursing process to identify care of the client in the
o Cancer that arises from glandular tissues
diagnosis and treatment phases of cancer
➢ CARCINOMA
4. Value the nurses’ role in providing quality, comprehensive,
o This is the form of cancer that compose of epithelial
individualized, ethical and humane care to client with cancer.
cells.
➢ SACOMA
Essential Concepts of Cancer
o This is the cancer of supporting or connective tissue
1. What is Cancer?
➢ CARCINOGENS
2. Normal Cell Growth vs. Cancer Cell Growth
o This is the factors that are associated with cancer
3. Etiology and Causative Factors
causation.
4. Pathophysiology
5. Classification of Tumors
6. Effects of Cancer WHAT IS CANCER?
Nursing Process
1. Assessment
CANCER is a complex of diseases which occurs when normal cells mutate
2. Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests
into abnormal cells that take over normal tissue, eventually harming and
3. Tumor Staging and Grading
destroying the host.
4. Nursing Diagnoses & Planning
Note:
5. Implementation and Management
Cancer is a renegade system of growth that originates within a patient’s
Treatment Modalities
biosystem, more commonly known as the human body. There are many
1. Chemotherapy
different types of cancers, but all share one hallmark characteristic:
2. Radiotherapy
unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion.
End-of-Life Issues
It is difficult to imagine anyone who has not heard of this illness. Most
people have been affected because either they or their loved ones or
TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO ONCOLOGY / friends are cancer survivors.
Because cancer is so prevalent, people have many questions about its
CANCER NURSING biology, detection, diagnosis, possible causes, and strategies for prevention.
➢ ONCOLOGY – CANCER
CANCER is a large group of diseases characterized by:
o This is the medical specialty that deals with diagnosis
➢ Uncontrolled growth and spread or abnormal cells
and the treatment and the study of cancer.
➢ Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division)
➢ BENIGN NEOPLASM
➢ Metastasis (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ
o This is a harmless growth that is not yet spread, not
or part to another not directly connected)
yet invade the other tissues of the patient.
Note:
➢ NEOPLASIA
Cancer may spell death to some and mutilation to others.
o It is the abnormal cellular changes and growth of the
The legend surrounding cancer like malignant disease often focusing in
tissues.
incurability or it help foster feeling of hopelessness and powerlessness.
➢ HYPERPLASIA
Nurses may have negative attitude same to other people that exist in the
o Increase in cell number.
community, therefore, it is imperative for nurses to examine their own
➢ HYPERTHORPHY
feelings and try to work these feelings through increasing our knowledge
o This is the increasing of size.
in the disease, its treatment and by discussing our own feeling openly with
other member of the health care team.
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 1
,Note: Note:
Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth control. In normal tissues, the To illustrate what is meant by normal growth control, consider the skin.
rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance. In cancer, The thin outermost layer of normal skin, called the epidermis, is roughly a
this balance is disrupted. This disruption can result from uncontrolled cell dozen cells thick. Cells in the bottom row of this layer, called the basal
growth or loss of a cell's ability to undergo cell suicide / "apoptosis." layer, divide just fast enough to replenish cells that are continually being
shed from the surface of the skin. Each time one of these basal cells
divides, it produces two cells. One remains in the basal layer and retains
the capacity to divide. The other migrates out of the basal layer and loses
the capacity to divide. The number of dividing cells in the basal layer,
therefore, stays the same.
Note:
Oncogenes
➢ One group of the genes implicated on the development of
cancer are damaged genes.
➢ Are genes that is present in certain forms and or overactivity
can stimulate the development of cancer. Note:
➢ When the oncogenes arise in normal cells, they contribute to During the development of skin cancer, the normal balance between cell
the development of cancer by instructing cells to make more division and cell loss is disrupted. The basal cells now divide faster than is
proteins that stimulate excessive cell growth and cell division. needed to replenish the cells being shed from the surface of the skin.
Each time one of these basal cells divides, the two newly formed cells will
often retain the capacity to divide, thereby leading to an increase in the
total number of dividing cells.
This gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creates a growing mass
of tissue called a "tumor" or "neoplasm." If the rate of cell division is
relatively rapid, and no "suicide" signals are in place to trigger cell death,
the tumor will grow quickly in size; if the cells divide more slowly, tumor
growth will be slower. But regardless of the growth rate, tumors
ultimately increase in size because new cells are being produced in greater
numbers than needed. As more and more of these dividing cells accumulate,
the normal organization of the tissue gradually becomes disrupted.
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 2
, Note: Note:
Cancers are capable of spreading throughout the body by two One way of identifying the various causes of cancer is by studying
mechanisms: invasion and metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct populations and behaviors. This approach compares cancer rates among
migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. various groups of people exposed to different factors or exhibiting
Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic different behaviors. A striking finding to emerge from population studies
and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade is that cancers arise with different frequencies in different areas of the
normal tissues elsewhere in the body. world. For example, stomach cancer is especially frequent in Japan, colon
cancer is prominent in the United States, and skin cancer is common in
Australia. What is the reason for the high rates of specific kinds of cancer
ETIOLOGY / CAUSATIVE FACTORS in certain countries?
➢ Viruses
➢ Chemical Carcinogens
➢ Physical Stressors
➢ Hormonal Factors
➢ Genetic Factors
Food of Cancer are Stress and Sugar
Note:
Chemicals (e.g., from smoking), radiation, viruses, and heredity all contribute
to the development of cancer by triggering changes in a cell's genes.
Chemicals and radiation act by damaging genes, viruses introduce their own
genes into cells, and heredity passes on alterations in genes that make a
person more susceptible to cancer. Genes are inherited instructions that
reside within a person's chromosomes. Each gene instructs a cell how to
Note: build a specific product--in most cases, a particular kind of protein. Genes
Cancer is often perceived as a disease that strikes for no apparent are altered, or "mutated," in various ways as part of the mechanism by
reason. While scientists don't yet know all the reasons, many of the causes which cancer arises.
of cancer have already been identified. Besides intrinsic factors such as
heredity, diet, and hormones, scientific studies point to key extrinsic
factors that contribute to the cancer's development: chemicals (e.g.,
smoking), radiation, and viruses or bacteria..
FERLENE CLYDE P. CAPAPAS, SN. 3
