FINAL EXAM REVIEW PART 1 – CLINCAL THEORY II & I, PREVENTIVE, RADIOGRAPHY THEORY I & II.

Cold War 1. What is Collective Security? Why was the United Nations based on this defense principle?  Collective security is the concept that an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states (3 musketeers), which act together to repel the aggressor. The UN is based on this defense principle to avoid any more world wars through the establishment of wide alliances. 2. Why was George Kennan’s Long Telegram so central to the Policy of Containment?  The Long Telegram (1946) expressed his suspicions of Soviet expansionism which was fueled by Soviet fear of the Western world and the fear of the communist system by the US whose foreign policy became centered on containing Soviet Power world-wide. 3. What was the Iron Curtain (sphere of influence)?  Ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were states that allied with the USSR, totalitarian government and communism and on the west were those allied with US and capitalism and democracy. 4. How did bilateral tension manifest in territorial, economic, and political terms during the Cold War?  There were divisions between the east and the west in Europe between communism vs. capitalism and totalitarianism vs. democracy with the United States as the leader of the free and democratic world whereas the USSR was the leader of social solidarity and economic justice. 5. What was the Truman Doctrine? “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”  Committed U.S. government to act as global police men; to protect whomever it defined as “free peoples” from external/ domestic foes which often meant intervening wherever communism was a threat to U.S. interests. This policy sparked the policy of Containment which led to the creation of the Marshall Plan and NATO. 6. Wars by Proxy  A result of the Truman doctrine and the cold war, they are indirect conflict between the US and the USSR (superpowers) throughout the globe through “clients/surrogates” whom they would provide with weapons, money, intelligence and propaganda to resist assured mutual destruction. These happened in El Salvador and Nicaragua, Cuba and Chile 7. Modernization Theory  Economic Development Economic GrowthMiddle Class Political Democracy 8. What is the difference between covert and over military action? Why did the United States rely on covert operations during the Cold War?  Covert operations rely on funneling intelligence and aid without being directly involved so that the President has plausible deniability. Vietnam. Overt action is big stick diplomacy where the US would bring gun boats; everyone knows. Panama Canal.  Was no longer able to rely on overt action with the creation of organizations based on the principal of collective security, like the United Nations, which severely restricted the hegemonic ability of the United States. 9. Bay of Pigs Invasion, failed attempt to over throw Castro This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :58:21 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH  1960 a Belgian ship Le Coubre (carrying weapons) explodes while workers were unloading the ship in Havana harbor which alerts the Castro regime to a possible U.S. invasion. April 17, 1961- the invasion (crafted by Eisenhower, but carried out by the Kennedy) ends in failure because, the Cuban exile community did not have air support and were apprehended by Castro’s regime. This was humiliating for US strategy; it boosted Castro’s political stature and pushed Cuba toward the USSR and set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis. 10. Cuban Missile crisis  October 16, 1962 the Soviet Union began installing medium-range missiles in Cuba to prevent another U.S. intervention, to which the U.S. responded with a naval blockade. The 13-day nuclear standoff finished on October 28th, when the Soviet Union acceded to the removal of the missiles from Cuba, in exchange for a U.S. commitment to remove missiles from Turkey & to desist from invading Cuba. 11. Alliance for Progress (1961) “We propose to complete the revolution in the Americas to build a hemisphere where all men can hope for a suitable standard of living, and all can live out their lives with freedom and dignity”  A ten year, $20 billion economic assistance plan to create economic growth; raising per capita income, land reform, diversification of trade, industrialization, education, and price stability to avoid economic crisis. It enhanced the ability of countries to monitor their own economic growth and social development (central Banks, taking social statistics through ministries), created statistical monitoring of the region (via inter