NR 283 Week 1 Pre-Class Answers: Fall 2021 complete A+ guide
Unit 1 Pre-Class Answers (Chapters 1, 2, & 21) Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology 1. What are the 7 steps of health? a. Be a non-smoker and avoid 2nd hand smoke b. Eat 5-10 servings fruits/vegetables a day. High-fiber, lower-fat foods. Limit alcohol to 1-2 drinks/day c. Be physically active on regular basis (healthy body weight) d. Protect yourself and family from the sun e. Follow cancer screening guidelines f. Visit doctor or dentist with any changes in normal state of health g. Follow health & safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing, & disposing of hazardous materials 2. What is the definition of disease? Deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination) or from a state of wellness. W.H.O. includes physical, mental & social well-being in definition. DISRUPTS HOMEOSTASIS 3. Describe what homeostasis is: Maintenance of relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes. a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed) i. Blood pressure ii. Body temperature iii. Fluid balance 4. Describe the following & list examples: a. Primary Prevention -Catch disease before it starts; GOAL= Protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the 1st place. i. When is this implemented? Education re: good nutrition, importance regular exercise, dangers of drugs/alcohol/tobacco, proper seatbelt & helmet use; regular exams/screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness; immunizations; controlling potential hazards at home/workplace b. Secondary Prevention – Occur after illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. GOAL= halt/slow progression of disease in earliest stages. With injury: limit long-term disability & prevention of reinjury Unit 1 Pre-Class Answers i. When is this implemented? Daily low-dose aspirin daily to prevent 1st or 2nd heart attack or stroke; recommending regular exams/screening test to people with known risk factors; providing suitably modified work for injured workers. c. Tertiary Prevention Helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, & chronic musculoskeletal pain. GOAL= preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. i. When is this implemented? Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs; chronic pain management programs; patient support groups 5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, track certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about predisposing conditions or current treatments? a. CDC - Center for Disease Control and Prevention b. WHO - World Health Organization c. USPHS - United States Public Health Service 6. Describe each characteristic of disease: a. Pathogenesis: development of disease or sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to specific disease process b. Onset: how the disease process comes on i. Acute (sudden)-Short term illness develops quickly usually with pain & high fever ii. Insidious (gradual progression) iii. Chronic (gradual progression without relief)- Develops gradually but persists for longer time usually causing more permanent tissue damage. Can be marked with intermittent acute episodes iv. Subclinical -Pathological changes exist but pt exhibits no obvious signs v. Latent “silent” stage (incubation period)– No clinical signs; time from exposure to 1st onset of signs/symptoms; communicable during this period vi. Prodromal – Aware of change in body but signs are not specific to any one disease; lab tests usually negative during this period Unit 1 Pre-Class Answers vii. Manifestations -Clinical evidence /effects (signs/symptoms) of disease; can be local or systemic (redness/swelling) c. Signs – Objective indicators of disease; can be local or systemic; CAN BE MEASURED d. Symptoms – Subjective feelings (pain, nausea) CANNOT BE MEASURED e. Lesion – Specific local change in tissue; can be microscopic or highly visible f. Syndrome – Collection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than 1 organ and usually occur together in response to certain condition g. Diagnostic testing - Laboratory tests that assist in diagnosis of a specific disease; tests ordered based on pt’s manifestations/medical hx/clinical exam/pt answer to specific questions; used to monitor response to treatment or progress of disease h. Remissions & Exacerbations – Course or progress of a disease i. Remission – Period or condition in which manifestations of disease subside either permanently or temporarily. ii. Exacerbation – Worsening in severity of disease or its signs/symptoms i. Precipitating Factor – Condition that triggers an acute episode (ex. Seizure in epileptic pt) j. Predisposing Factors- indicates high risk; encompasses tendencies that promote development of disease in an individual k. Complication – New secondary or additional problem(s) that arise after the original disease begins l. Therapy (Therapeutic interventions) – Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease m. Sequelae – Potential unwanted outcome of the primary condition (Paralysis s/p stroke) n. Convalescence / Rehabilitation – Period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state. 7. What is prophylaxis and why is it important? A measure designed to preserve health and prevent spread of disease What are some examples of prophylactic measures in health care? high risk for MI give baby aspirin daily, Anticoagulant meds for surgical pt Unit 1 Pre-Class Answers 8. What does the term prognosis mean? Likelihood or probability for recovery or other outcomes. 9. Describe the difference between acute and chronic disease: a. Acute- Sudden onset of short-term illness w/signs of high fever/severe pain b. Chronic – Develops gradually but persists over longer period of time & usually causes permanent tissue damage. 10. Describe the difference between morbidity and mortality: a. Morbidity – Indicates disease rates w/in a group; can indicate functional impairment that certain conditions cause w/in populations b. Mortality – Relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease 11. Describe each term of cellular adaptation and list examples: a. Atrophy: Decrease in cell size = reduced tissue mass i. Ex: loss of muscle after arm in a cast for 8 wks b. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size = increased tissue mass i. Ex: Body builders exercising a lot & muscle growth occurs c. Hyperplasia: Increase in # of cells = enlarged tissue mass i. Ex: Uterine enlargement during pregnancy; Hormonal d. Metaplasia: Mature cell type replaced with another mature cell type i. Ex: Vitamin A deficiency; lung tissue changes (smokers) but decreases lungs defenses d/t no cilia there for protection e. Dysplasia: Tissue has cells that vary in size, shape, w/large nuclei; Rate of Mitosis increases i. Ex: Precancerous; chronic irritation infection (Pap smear to check for change in cells from normal to atypical) f. Anaplasia: Cells are undifferentiated w/variable nuclear & cell structures & numerous mitotic figures. i. Ex: Malignant Tumors g. Neoplasia: New Growth (“TUMOR”) i. Ex: Malignant (Cancer); Benign (less serious; not life threatening) 12. Describe each term related to cell damage and list examples: a. Apoptosis: Normal programmed cell death ****************************CONTINUED**************************
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nr 283 week 1 pre class answers fall 2021
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unit 1 pre class answers chapters 1
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2
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amp 21
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chapter 1 introduction to pathophysiology
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1 what are the 7 steps of health
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2 what is the definition of
