Pathophysiology Chapter 02 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Environmental Agents

Pathophysiology Chapter 02 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents


1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the

bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?

a. Hyperplasia

b. Metaplasia

c. Dysplasia

d. Anaplasia

2. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)

b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)

c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)

d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)

3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what

hormonal process?

a. Atrophy

b. Hyperplasia

c. Anaplasia

d. Dysplasia

4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease

b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis

c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease

d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia

5. How do free radicals cause cell damage?

a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia