Human Anatomy and Physiology
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Digestive Tract – also known as the GI
(gastrointestinal tract).
(1) Digestion o Long tube from the mouth to the anus.
(2) Digestive System
a. Functions FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
b. Associated Organs → Ingestion of solids and liquids.
(3) Tunics → Digestion of organic molecules.
(4) Peritoneum and Mesenteries → Absorption of nutrients.
(5) Digestive Tract Components → Elimination of wastes.
a. Oral Cavity (Mouth) ASSOCIATED ORGANS (4)
i. Teeth → Organs that are not directly in the digestive tract but
ii. Palate have ducts that lead into the tract.
iii. Salivary Glands and Enzymes
b. Pharynx Salivary Glands Gallbladder
c. Esophagus Liver Pancreas
i. Heartburn
ii. Phases of Swallowing
iii. Peristalsis
d. Stomach
i. Epithelial Cells of the Stomach
ii. Regulation of Secretions
iii. Movement
e. Small Intestines
i. Parts
ii. Mucosa
iii. Secretions
iv. Movement
v. Liver
1. Anatomy TUNICS (4)
2. Ducts → Layers of the digestive tract wall.
3. Bile and Pancreatic Mucosa → innermost layer
Secretions → secretes mucus
4. Functions Submucosa → above mucosa
5. Control of Bile → contains blood vessels, nerves,
Secretion and Release small glands
vii. Pancreas Muscularis → above submucosa
1. Pancreatic Secretions → longitudinal, circular, oblique
2. Control of Pancreatic muscles
Secretions Serosa/Adventitia → outermost layer
f. Large Intestines → Serosa – covered with
i. Parts peritoneum.
(6) Digestive Process → Adventitia – not covered by
(7) Carbohydrates Digestion peritoneum.
(8) Lipid Digestion
a. Lipoproteins
(9) Protein Digestion
(10) Water and Minerals
(11) Fluid Volumes in the Digestive Tract
DIGESTION
→ Breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
→ Performs the task of digestion.
→ Food is taken into DS -> enzymatically broken down
into smaller particles for absorption.
→ Consists of digestive tract + specific associated organs.
SECG 1
, Human Anatomy and Physiology
PERITONEUM AND MESENTERIES Cheeks
→ Layer of smooth epithelial tissue. - Together with the lips, it is important in the
Mesenteries → Connective tissue of organs process of mastication (chewing).
in abdominal activity. - Mastication – begins the process of mechanical
digestion – breakdown of large food particles
Lesser Omentum → Mesentery connecting lesser
into smaller ones.
curvature of stomach to liver
Tongue
and diaphragm.
- where taste buds and mucus are found.
Greater Omentum → Mesentery connecting
- Frenulum – thin fold of tissue that attaches the
greater curvature of stomach to
anterior part of the tongue to the floor of the
transverse colon and posterior
mouth.
body wall.
- Posterior portion contains a large amount of
Omental Bursa – cavity/pocket
lymphatic tissue – helps form the lingual tonsil.
formed by the greater
omentum. TEETH
Retroperitoneal → Abdominal organs that have → 32 teeth in normal adult (permanent/secondary teeth)
no mesenteries. → 20 primary/baby teeth
→ Includes duodenum, Incisor – to cut Premolars
pancreas, ascending + Canine – to tear Molars – 3rd molars are
descending colon, rectum, called wisdom teeth –
kidneys, adrenal glands, and appears when a person is
urinary bladder. old enough to have a
Peritonitis degree of wisdom.
- Potentially life-threatening inflammation of
peritoneal membranes.
- Inflammation can result from chemical irritation
or infection originating in the digestive tract.
- Symptoms
o Acute abdominal pain and tenderness
worsened by movement.
- Each tooth consists of 3 regions: crown, neck,
root
Crown – has one or more Enamel – extremely hard,
cusps (points) acellular substance;
protects tooth against
abrasion and acids
produced by bacteria.
Neck – small region Cementum – covers the
between the crown and surface of the dentin in
the root. the root; helps anchor the
DIGESTIVE TRACT COCMPONENTS tooth in the jaw.
Root – largest region; Alveoli – where the teeth
ORAL CAVITY
anchors tooth to the are held in place.
→ First part of the digestive system.
jawbone.
→ Contains stratified squamous epithelia.
Pulp Cavity – found in the Gingiva – dense fibrous
Lips
center of the tooth; connective tissue and
- Keratinized stratified epithelium - thin margin of
contains pulp (blood moist stratified squamous
the lips.
vessels, nerves, epithelium; covers the
- Color from the underlying blood vessels is seen
connective tissue) alveolar process.
through the thin, transparent epithelium – gives
the lips the reddish-pink appearance.
SECG 2
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Digestive Tract – also known as the GI
(gastrointestinal tract).
(1) Digestion o Long tube from the mouth to the anus.
(2) Digestive System
a. Functions FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
b. Associated Organs → Ingestion of solids and liquids.
(3) Tunics → Digestion of organic molecules.
(4) Peritoneum and Mesenteries → Absorption of nutrients.
(5) Digestive Tract Components → Elimination of wastes.
a. Oral Cavity (Mouth) ASSOCIATED ORGANS (4)
i. Teeth → Organs that are not directly in the digestive tract but
ii. Palate have ducts that lead into the tract.
iii. Salivary Glands and Enzymes
b. Pharynx Salivary Glands Gallbladder
c. Esophagus Liver Pancreas
i. Heartburn
ii. Phases of Swallowing
iii. Peristalsis
d. Stomach
i. Epithelial Cells of the Stomach
ii. Regulation of Secretions
iii. Movement
e. Small Intestines
i. Parts
ii. Mucosa
iii. Secretions
iv. Movement
v. Liver
1. Anatomy TUNICS (4)
2. Ducts → Layers of the digestive tract wall.
3. Bile and Pancreatic Mucosa → innermost layer
Secretions → secretes mucus
4. Functions Submucosa → above mucosa
5. Control of Bile → contains blood vessels, nerves,
Secretion and Release small glands
vii. Pancreas Muscularis → above submucosa
1. Pancreatic Secretions → longitudinal, circular, oblique
2. Control of Pancreatic muscles
Secretions Serosa/Adventitia → outermost layer
f. Large Intestines → Serosa – covered with
i. Parts peritoneum.
(6) Digestive Process → Adventitia – not covered by
(7) Carbohydrates Digestion peritoneum.
(8) Lipid Digestion
a. Lipoproteins
(9) Protein Digestion
(10) Water and Minerals
(11) Fluid Volumes in the Digestive Tract
DIGESTION
→ Breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
→ Performs the task of digestion.
→ Food is taken into DS -> enzymatically broken down
into smaller particles for absorption.
→ Consists of digestive tract + specific associated organs.
SECG 1
, Human Anatomy and Physiology
PERITONEUM AND MESENTERIES Cheeks
→ Layer of smooth epithelial tissue. - Together with the lips, it is important in the
Mesenteries → Connective tissue of organs process of mastication (chewing).
in abdominal activity. - Mastication – begins the process of mechanical
digestion – breakdown of large food particles
Lesser Omentum → Mesentery connecting lesser
into smaller ones.
curvature of stomach to liver
Tongue
and diaphragm.
- where taste buds and mucus are found.
Greater Omentum → Mesentery connecting
- Frenulum – thin fold of tissue that attaches the
greater curvature of stomach to
anterior part of the tongue to the floor of the
transverse colon and posterior
mouth.
body wall.
- Posterior portion contains a large amount of
Omental Bursa – cavity/pocket
lymphatic tissue – helps form the lingual tonsil.
formed by the greater
omentum. TEETH
Retroperitoneal → Abdominal organs that have → 32 teeth in normal adult (permanent/secondary teeth)
no mesenteries. → 20 primary/baby teeth
→ Includes duodenum, Incisor – to cut Premolars
pancreas, ascending + Canine – to tear Molars – 3rd molars are
descending colon, rectum, called wisdom teeth –
kidneys, adrenal glands, and appears when a person is
urinary bladder. old enough to have a
Peritonitis degree of wisdom.
- Potentially life-threatening inflammation of
peritoneal membranes.
- Inflammation can result from chemical irritation
or infection originating in the digestive tract.
- Symptoms
o Acute abdominal pain and tenderness
worsened by movement.
- Each tooth consists of 3 regions: crown, neck,
root
Crown – has one or more Enamel – extremely hard,
cusps (points) acellular substance;
protects tooth against
abrasion and acids
produced by bacteria.
Neck – small region Cementum – covers the
between the crown and surface of the dentin in
the root. the root; helps anchor the
DIGESTIVE TRACT COCMPONENTS tooth in the jaw.
Root – largest region; Alveoli – where the teeth
ORAL CAVITY
anchors tooth to the are held in place.
→ First part of the digestive system.
jawbone.
→ Contains stratified squamous epithelia.
Pulp Cavity – found in the Gingiva – dense fibrous
Lips
center of the tooth; connective tissue and
- Keratinized stratified epithelium - thin margin of
contains pulp (blood moist stratified squamous
the lips.
vessels, nerves, epithelium; covers the
- Color from the underlying blood vessels is seen
connective tissue) alveolar process.
through the thin, transparent epithelium – gives
the lips the reddish-pink appearance.
SECG 2
