Toegepaste Genetica
Toegepaste Biologie
,Inhoud
1. Leerdoelen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Hoorcolleges .................................................................................................................................... 6
HC1. Algemeen .................................................................................................................................... 6
Genetica in natuurbeheer ............................................................................................................... 6
Extinctiespiraal ................................................................................................................................ 6
Genetic drift..................................................................................................................................... 6
Oplossingen ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Populaties behouden....................................................................................................................... 7
Populaties monitoren ...................................................................................................................... 7
Plantenveredeling en fokkerij ......................................................................................................... 7
Domestication syndrome ................................................................................................................ 7
Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Uitgangsmateriaal ........................................................................................................................... 9
Cultivar types ................................................................................................................................... 9
HC2. Selectiemethodes ..................................................................................................................... 10
Basisprincipe fokkerij & veredeling ............................................................................................... 10
Kwalitatief en kwantitatieve eigenschappen ................................................................................ 10
Epistasie ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Koppeling ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Verhoudingen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Erfelijkheidsgraad (h2) ................................................................................................................... 11
Selectiemethoden ......................................................................................................................... 11
Selectie door moleculaire merkers................................................................................................ 13
Na de selectie ................................................................................................................................ 13
HC3. Plantenveredeling ..................................................................................................................... 14
Veredelingsdoel ............................................................................................................................. 14
Keuze van ouders (P) ..................................................................................................................... 14
Hoe bepaal je het aantal kruisingen per ouder combinatie? ........................................................ 14
Kruising maken .............................................................................................................................. 14
Bloembouw ................................................................................................................................... 14
Vegetatief vermeerderd ................................................................................................................ 15
Zelfbevruchters vs. Kruisbevruchters ............................................................................................ 16
Voorbeelden zelfbevruchters (sla) ................................................................................................ 17
HC4. Effectieve populatieomvang en inteelt..................................................................................... 18
Populaties ...................................................................................................................................... 18
2
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
, Veredeling en Fokkerij ................................................................................................................... 18
Kunstmatige inseminatie ............................................................................................................... 18
Effectieve populatieomvang (Ne) .................................................................................................. 18
Embryo Transplantatie (ET) ........................................................................................................... 19
Inteelt (filmpje WUR)..................................................................................................................... 19
Inteelt ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Hybriden (inteeltxinteelt) .............................................................................................................. 21
Verwantschap (R) .......................................................................................................................... 21
Inteeltcoëfficiënt (Fx) ..................................................................................................................... 21
HC5. Introgressie, mutaties en ploidie .............................................................................................. 22
Introgressie .................................................................................................................................... 22
Resistentie ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Herhaalde terug kruising wanneer eigenschap dominant is ......................................................... 22
Procedure Resistentie Test ............................................................................................................ 23
Herhaalde terug kruising wanneer eigenschap recessief is .......................................................... 23
Marker Assisted Breeding ............................................................................................................. 24
Mutaties ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Type mutaties ................................................................................................................................ 24
Puntmutaties ................................................................................................................................. 24
Mitose/Meiose .............................................................................................................................. 25
Mutatie opwekken ........................................................................................................................ 25
Chromosomale mutatie................................................................................................................. 25
Toepassing mutatie veredeling ..................................................................................................... 25
Ploidie ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Autoploïde/Alloploïde ................................................................................................................... 26
Celdeling in meristemen................................................................................................................ 27
Checken voor ploidie ..................................................................................................................... 27
Flowcytometer .............................................................................................................................. 27
Kruisen verschillende soorten ....................................................................................................... 27
Genetische modificatie.................................................................................................................. 28
Conclusie H5 .................................................................................................................................. 29
HC6. Fokwaarde en selectieresultaat ................................................................................................ 30
Fokwaarde ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Fokwaarde schatting maken ......................................................................................................... 30
Algemene formule fokwaarde schatting ....................................................................................... 31
Nauwkeurigheid van de fokwaarde schatting (rAI) ........................................................................ 32
3
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
, Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 32
Selecteren kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 32
Selectieresultaat (R) ...................................................................................................................... 33
Selectieresultaat per jaar (Rjaar) ..................................................................................................... 33
3. Practica .......................................................................................................................................... 34
Practicum 1: Identiteitsonderzoek .................................................................................................... 34
DUS ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Identiteitsonderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 34
Practicum 2: Ploïdiebepaling ............................................................................................................. 35
4. Gastcolleges................................................................................................................................... 36
Gastcollege 1: Nak Tuinbouw ............................................................................................................ 36
Afdeling Research & Development, Daniël Deinum...................................................................... 36
Gastcollege 2: Topigs Norsvin ........................................................................................................... 37
Adviseur genetica, Roos Vogelzang ............................................................................................... 37
Varkenfokkerijpiramide ................................................................................................................. 37
5. Overzicht formules ........................................................................................................................ 39
Inteeltcoëfficiënt (Fx) ..................................................................................................................... 39
Heterosis effect (H%)..................................................................................................................... 39
Effectieve populatieomvang (Ne) .................................................................................................. 39
Toename homozygotie per generatie door drift (∆F) ................................................................... 40
Fokwaarde schatting (Â) ................................................................................................................ 40
Nauwkeurigheid van de fokwaarde schatting (rAI) ........................................................................ 40
Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 41
Selectieresultaat (R) ...................................................................................................................... 41
Selectieresultaat per jaar (Rjaar) ..................................................................................................... 42
Selectie intensiteit (i) ..................................................................................................................... 42
6. Extra info uit E-toets ...................................................................................................................... 43
4
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
Toegepaste Biologie
,Inhoud
1. Leerdoelen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Hoorcolleges .................................................................................................................................... 6
HC1. Algemeen .................................................................................................................................... 6
Genetica in natuurbeheer ............................................................................................................... 6
Extinctiespiraal ................................................................................................................................ 6
Genetic drift..................................................................................................................................... 6
Oplossingen ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Populaties behouden....................................................................................................................... 7
Populaties monitoren ...................................................................................................................... 7
Plantenveredeling en fokkerij ......................................................................................................... 7
Domestication syndrome ................................................................................................................ 7
Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Uitgangsmateriaal ........................................................................................................................... 9
Cultivar types ................................................................................................................................... 9
HC2. Selectiemethodes ..................................................................................................................... 10
Basisprincipe fokkerij & veredeling ............................................................................................... 10
Kwalitatief en kwantitatieve eigenschappen ................................................................................ 10
Epistasie ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Koppeling ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Verhoudingen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Erfelijkheidsgraad (h2) ................................................................................................................... 11
Selectiemethoden ......................................................................................................................... 11
Selectie door moleculaire merkers................................................................................................ 13
Na de selectie ................................................................................................................................ 13
HC3. Plantenveredeling ..................................................................................................................... 14
Veredelingsdoel ............................................................................................................................. 14
Keuze van ouders (P) ..................................................................................................................... 14
Hoe bepaal je het aantal kruisingen per ouder combinatie? ........................................................ 14
Kruising maken .............................................................................................................................. 14
Bloembouw ................................................................................................................................... 14
Vegetatief vermeerderd ................................................................................................................ 15
Zelfbevruchters vs. Kruisbevruchters ............................................................................................ 16
Voorbeelden zelfbevruchters (sla) ................................................................................................ 17
HC4. Effectieve populatieomvang en inteelt..................................................................................... 18
Populaties ...................................................................................................................................... 18
2
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
, Veredeling en Fokkerij ................................................................................................................... 18
Kunstmatige inseminatie ............................................................................................................... 18
Effectieve populatieomvang (Ne) .................................................................................................. 18
Embryo Transplantatie (ET) ........................................................................................................... 19
Inteelt (filmpje WUR)..................................................................................................................... 19
Inteelt ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Hybriden (inteeltxinteelt) .............................................................................................................. 21
Verwantschap (R) .......................................................................................................................... 21
Inteeltcoëfficiënt (Fx) ..................................................................................................................... 21
HC5. Introgressie, mutaties en ploidie .............................................................................................. 22
Introgressie .................................................................................................................................... 22
Resistentie ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Herhaalde terug kruising wanneer eigenschap dominant is ......................................................... 22
Procedure Resistentie Test ............................................................................................................ 23
Herhaalde terug kruising wanneer eigenschap recessief is .......................................................... 23
Marker Assisted Breeding ............................................................................................................. 24
Mutaties ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Type mutaties ................................................................................................................................ 24
Puntmutaties ................................................................................................................................. 24
Mitose/Meiose .............................................................................................................................. 25
Mutatie opwekken ........................................................................................................................ 25
Chromosomale mutatie................................................................................................................. 25
Toepassing mutatie veredeling ..................................................................................................... 25
Ploidie ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Autoploïde/Alloploïde ................................................................................................................... 26
Celdeling in meristemen................................................................................................................ 27
Checken voor ploidie ..................................................................................................................... 27
Flowcytometer .............................................................................................................................. 27
Kruisen verschillende soorten ....................................................................................................... 27
Genetische modificatie.................................................................................................................. 28
Conclusie H5 .................................................................................................................................. 29
HC6. Fokwaarde en selectieresultaat ................................................................................................ 30
Fokwaarde ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Fokwaarde schatting maken ......................................................................................................... 30
Algemene formule fokwaarde schatting ....................................................................................... 31
Nauwkeurigheid van de fokwaarde schatting (rAI) ........................................................................ 32
3
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
, Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 32
Selecteren kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 32
Selectieresultaat (R) ...................................................................................................................... 33
Selectieresultaat per jaar (Rjaar) ..................................................................................................... 33
3. Practica .......................................................................................................................................... 34
Practicum 1: Identiteitsonderzoek .................................................................................................... 34
DUS ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Identiteitsonderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 34
Practicum 2: Ploïdiebepaling ............................................................................................................. 35
4. Gastcolleges................................................................................................................................... 36
Gastcollege 1: Nak Tuinbouw ............................................................................................................ 36
Afdeling Research & Development, Daniël Deinum...................................................................... 36
Gastcollege 2: Topigs Norsvin ........................................................................................................... 37
Adviseur genetica, Roos Vogelzang ............................................................................................... 37
Varkenfokkerijpiramide ................................................................................................................. 37
5. Overzicht formules ........................................................................................................................ 39
Inteeltcoëfficiënt (Fx) ..................................................................................................................... 39
Heterosis effect (H%)..................................................................................................................... 39
Effectieve populatieomvang (Ne) .................................................................................................. 39
Toename homozygotie per generatie door drift (∆F) ................................................................... 40
Fokwaarde schatting (Â) ................................................................................................................ 40
Nauwkeurigheid van de fokwaarde schatting (rAI) ........................................................................ 40
Betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................... 41
Selectieresultaat (R) ...................................................................................................................... 41
Selectieresultaat per jaar (Rjaar) ..................................................................................................... 42
Selectie intensiteit (i) ..................................................................................................................... 42
6. Extra info uit E-toets ...................................................................................................................... 43
4
HAS Hogeschool Liz Buurman
