NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam
Explain primary prevention
(ANS- Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for
people
Explain secondary prevention
(ANS- "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch
disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
(ANS- "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease
after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
(ANS- Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
(ANS- PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
(ANS- Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care
after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight
response?
(ANS- Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of
airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light
response?
(ANS- Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
,Explain the role of the nucleus
(ANS- control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces
mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
(ANS- Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of
DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome
(ANS- produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and
translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
(ANS- helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
(ANS- folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes
attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
(ANS- helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of
hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
(ANS- membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful
chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
(ANS- stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the
ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
(ANS- the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a
protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person.
,Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA
and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity?
(ANS- mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk.
Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
(ANS- a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of
active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body
has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
(ANS- Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
(ANS- accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema?
(ANS- increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial
compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
(ANS- Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood
volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma
proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis),
blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
(ANS- an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range,
leading to damage
, What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
(ANS- anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or
localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
(ANS- IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
(ANS- allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and
runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
(ANS- antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator ,
corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during
anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
(ANS- hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
(ANS- The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
(ANS- cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
(ANS- Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of
newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
(ANS- The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate
immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Explain primary prevention
(ANS- Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for
people
Explain secondary prevention
(ANS- "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch
disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
(ANS- "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease
after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
(ANS- Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
(ANS- PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
(ANS- Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care
after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight
response?
(ANS- Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of
airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light
response?
(ANS- Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
,Explain the role of the nucleus
(ANS- control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces
mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
(ANS- Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of
DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome
(ANS- produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and
translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
(ANS- helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
(ANS- folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes
attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
(ANS- helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of
hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
(ANS- membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful
chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
(ANS- stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the
ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
(ANS- the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a
protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person.
,Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA
and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity?
(ANS- mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk.
Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
(ANS- a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of
active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body
has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
(ANS- Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
(ANS- accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema?
(ANS- increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial
compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
(ANS- Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood
volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma
proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis),
blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
(ANS- an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range,
leading to damage
, What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
(ANS- anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or
localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
(ANS- IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
(ANS- allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and
runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
(ANS- antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator ,
corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during
anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
(ANS- hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
(ANS- The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
(ANS- cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
(ANS- Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of
newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
(ANS- The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate
immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
