BIOL 202L Lab 10 Blood and the Heart (heart valve) | Questions and Answer solutions | Already GRADED A+

Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Research the process of erythropoiesis, and explain the role erythropoietin plays. Why is this a popular “doping” drug for athletes? Erythropoises creates more red blood cells, it occurs when the body lower oxygen levels in order to increase oxygen levels. Blood doping is popular because with increases oxygen levels, they have better endurance. 2. How would the hemoglobin content differ in a person living in Philadelphia (Elevation: 39 feet) compared to someone living in Denver (Elevation: 5280 feet)? Why? The person in Denver would have higher hemoglobin because living in an environment with less atmospheric pressure would lower oxygen levels and so erythropoiesis would occur causing higher hemoglobin. Experiment 1: Heart Valves and Pumps Table 2: Experimental Observations Observations (with valve) and mL H2O Displaced? Observations (without valve) and mL H2O Displaced? The water that came out of the straw was not much and came out more controlled. There was around 5.75ML displaced. The water was less controlled and flowed out more freely. There was around 8ml discplaced. Post-Lab Questions 1. What happened when you pressed on the balloon stretched over the jar? What does this result represent? Water came out of the straw representing the heart pumping. 2. What structure in this experiment mimics a heart valve? The balloon neck. 3. How did the valve influence the experimental results? If possible, indicate the difference (in mL) in water displaced with the valve versus without the valve. Does the valve enhance the water flow, and why? The valve regulated the flow and stopped water from returning to the jar. 4. What other organs or body systems incorporate valves? How are they used? Veins, they are used to prevent backflow. Experiment 2: Effect of Chelation Therapy on Arterial Plaque Levels Table 3: Eggshell Observations Day Water Observations 4% EDTA Observations 8% EDTA Observations 1 No Changes No Changes Little bit of bubbles 2 No Changes No Changes No Changes 3 No Changes Bubbles Deterioration 4 No Changes No Changes Serperation 5 No Changes No Changes Deterioration 6 No Changes No Changes No Changes 7 No Changes Deterioration No Changes 8 No Changes No Changes Deterioration 9 No Changes No Changess Deterioration 10 No Changes No Changes Deterioration 11 No Changes Some Seperation No Changes 12 No Changes No Changes No Changes 13 No Changes No Changes Deterioration 14 No Changes No Changes No Changes Post-Lab Questions 1. Describe the differences you observed between the water beaker, the 4% EDTA beaker, and the 8% EDTA beaker. No change in the water beaker, 4% EDTA beaker started to break down, the 8%EDTA beaker did break down. 2. Does the beaker without EDTA serve as a positive or negative control? How do you know? It was a negative control because it did not change. 3. Research and determine the composition of eggshell. State your findings below, and, indicate why this composition makes eggshell a good material for EDTA to chelate. It is a good material because it is made of calcium carbonate. 4. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid, which the body perceives as a foreign substance. EDTA is therefore delivered to the kidneys and removed from the body in urine. Explain how this process also leads to the removal of heavy metals. Because it is perceived as a foreign substance, when EDTA binds to heavy meatals, they are also removed from the body. 5. Based on your results, do you believe chelation therapy would be an effective treatment for atherosclerosis? Support your argument with experimental evidence. No it probably wouldn’t be effective. Experiment 3: Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Post-Lab Questions 1. What makes red blood cells unique, compared to other cells in the body? Red blood cells have no nuclei and are uniquely flat and round. 2. How is new blood made? New blood is made in the red bone marrow through hematopoises. 3. What is the main function of platelets? Platelets main function is to clot blood to prevent bleeding. 4. Describe how the body stops bleeding. The body releases platelets that attach to the surface of the break, the plaetelets form a clot to stop the bleeding. 5. Sickle cells are named so because of their characteristic shape. What problems can this shape cause? They can get stuck in blood vessels, restricting adequate blood flow throughout the body. 6. Explain how the absence of a nucleus affects a red blood cell’s life span. Because they don’t have a nucleus, they cannot repair themselves if/when damaged limiting their life span to around 120 days. Experiment 4: Blood Typing Experiment Table 4: Blood Typing Results A (Blood Sample A) B (Blood Sample B) C (Blood Sample C) 1 (Anti-A Serum) Agglutination No Changes No Changes 2 (Anti-B Serum) No Changes Agglutination No Change 3 (Anti-Rh Serum) Click here to enter Click here to enter No Change A (Blood Sample A) B (Blood Sample B) C (Blood Sample C) text. text. Blood Type: A B AB Post-Lab Questions 1. What determines blood type? The antigens present determine blood type. 2. What type of blood antigens are expressed if a person is blood type AB negative? A & B antigens are present in AB-. 3. Why doesn’t a transfusion reaction occur the first time an Rh negative patient is exposed to Rh positive blood? A reaction doesn’t occur the first time because the body has not yet created antibodies againt Rh antigens until after first exposure. Experiment 5: Virtual Model – The Heart Coloring Activity Insert screenshot of the myocardium: Insert screenshot of the mitral valve: Post-Lab Questions 1. What component of the heart separates the left and right ventricles? The Inraventricular Septum 1. Which is more superior: the arch of the aorta or the atrioventricular septum? The Arch of Aorta 2. What component of the heart prevents the flow of the blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium? The Tricuspid Valve Experiment 6: Sheep Heart Dissection Insert photo of dissected sheep heart showing at least one atrioventricular valve with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: Post-Lab Questions 1. What surprised you about the anatomy of the sheep’s heart? How thick the arteriol ventricle walls were, how stiff the heart was, and how fragile the valves were. 3. Research diseases of the heart valves. How might a valvular insufficiency affect heart function? How would valvular stenosis (tightening or less ability to open easily) affect heart function? Valvular insufficiency would allow blood to move backwards across the heart valves. Valvular stenosis would reduce the amount of blood the heart could pump. Show Less