Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
NUR 2790 Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
Final Exam Content Guide
1. Stroke – CVA – Brain attack disruption of cerebral blood flow secondary to ischemia, hemorrhage, brain attack,
or embolism
1) Hemorrhagic – ruptured artery or aneurysm = ischemia and ↑ICP caused by expanding collection of
blood. Prognosis poor.
2) Thrombotic – d/t development of blood clot on an atherosclerotic plaque in a cerebral artery. The
clot gradually shuts off the artery causing ischemia distal to the occlusion. Symptoms evolve over
several hours to days.
3) Embolic – d/t embolus traveling from another part of the body to the cerebral artery. Blood to brain
distal to occlusion immediately shuts off causing neuro deficits, or a loss of consciousness can
instantly occur. --- This type of stroke may be reversed with rtPA if given within 4.5hrs of initial
symptoms.
Risk Factors: HTN, DM, smoking == PREVENTION == Early treatment of HTN, maintain BGL, quit smoking.
Right vs Left: Right = visual and spatial awareness and propriception. Left = language, math, and analytic
thinking (agnosia – inability to recognize familiar objects).
Interventions: Have suction equipment avail. Vitals 1-2hrs – Notify MD if BP >180/110. Temp (↑ can
cause ↑ICP). O2 and maintain > 92%. Cardiac monitor. Monitor LOC (↑ICP). Elevate HOB >30 to
reduce ICP and promote venous drainage. Maintain midline neutral position. SEIZURE Percautions.
Assist with communication. Assist with safe feeding. Intervene for complications r/t immobility. Active
ROM to unaffected exteemities, and Passive ROM to affected extremities. Vision deficits = instruct
scanning techinique (turning head). Prevent DVT. Assist with ADL’s. Provide frequent rest.
Complitcations: – Prevent shoulder subluxation if affected arm is not supported. Unilateral neglect (nurse to
provide arm sling/foot rest). Dysphagia and aspiration (nurse assess gag reflex, monitor swallowing).
MEDS: Anticoagulant: Enoxaparin (Lovenox), warfarin (Coumadin) – Antiplatelet: Aspirin – Thrombolytic: rtPA –
Antiepileptic: phenytoin (Dilantin), gabapentin (Neurontin)
2. Traumatic brain injury – major causes, eligibility for federal programs, types, assessment, interventions,
rehabilitation, support, interdisciplinary care planning, sympathetic storming prevention
3. Mild brain injury – common types, assessment, interventions, patient education, prevention
4. Moderate brain injury – common types, assessment, interventions, treatments, interdisciplinary care planning,
patient education, prevention
5. Increased intracranial pressure – assessment, interventions, unsafe interventions, treatments, monitoring,
common medications, what to avoid, interdisciplinary care planning, patient education
Treatment: Cooling blankets to lower overall body temperature. By lowering temperature of the body, the
metabolic rate in the brain decreases, thus reducing metabolic demands and allowing the brain to begin to
recover; Sedative or neuromuscular medications may be needed to prevent shivering and anxiety, which will
,Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
increase temperature; ICP is measured by placing a small tube in the ventricles of the brain (ventriculostomy)
Nursing Interventions:
• Monitor the cerebral perfusion pressure, difference between the CPP is the difference between the ICP
and the mean arterial pressure (MAP)
• CPP is calculated by subtracting the ICP from the MAP
• Keep oxygen saturation at 100%
• Help with environmental stimuli; keep lights and noise low
• Visitors limited to one to two for short time
• Institute measures to promote healing and prevent complications; turn every 2 hours & HOB at 30
• Compression stockings
• Anticoagulant therapy
6. Brain tumor- Cancer usually originates in the lung and breast but can also start in the kidney, prostate, or as
lymphoma or melanoma, which then spreads to the brain
, Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
- Primary brain tumor means that the cancer originated in the brain tissue; however, this type of tumor is rare
- Secondary brain tumor is one that started in another location in the body and spread to the brain or CNS
• Treatment: Main interventions are chemotherapy, radiation, & surgery
• Potential Complications: Increased intracranial pressure
7. Hepatitis – is inflammation of the liver. Increased inflammation = necrosis interfereing with blood flow to liver.
Symptoms – influenza like (Fatigue, joint pain, abd pain, ↓appetite with nausea). Dark urine. Clay stool.
Jaundice. Fever. Vomiting.
Labs – Elevated ALT/AST and total bilirubin
NORMAL VALUES:
ALT or SGPT: 10-25 units/L -- 200-400 can = hepatitis or liver damage from drugs/chemicals
Jaundice caused by liver = >300 not caused by liver <300
AST or SGOT: 8-38 units/L Liver injury can ↑by 10X.
Bilirubin: Total: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL adults
Liver Biopsy – most definitive diagnostic approach. Need informed consent. Have Pt lie supine URQ exposed,
take EXHALE breath and hold during needle insertion – resume breathing after needle withdrawn. After
procedure lie in on Right side and maintain for several hours.
a. Who is at risk for:
i. Hepatitis A: Individuals living with infected people, sex partners of infected people, traveling to
other countries
- Fecal/oral route, contaminated food or water (PPE for incontinent PT’s)
- Can take vaccine after exposure.
ii. Hepatitis B: Health care workers or people exposed to blood and body fluids, inmates in prisons,
drug users, multiple sex partners, hemodialysis patients, recipients of clotting factor
concentrates
- Blood, Body fluids (semen, saliva, vaginal), blood through skin and mucous membranes
- Use PPE if exposure to blood.
iii. Hepatitis C: IV drug users, recipients of blood products or tissue transplants before 1992, tattoos
and piercings
- Blood and plasma through skin and mucous membranes
- Use PPE if exposure to blood.
iv. Hepatitis D: coinfection with hep B
b. Chronic Hepatits = B, C, or D.
8. Cirrhosis – Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by destruction of the liver cells
and subsequent formation of fibrotic tissue that reconfigures normal, healthy liver tissue. This lack of elasticity
causes blood, bile, and lymphatic systems to become congested and obstructed, and further damage is incurred.
■ Extensive scarring of the liver caused by necrotic injury or chronic reaction to inflammation over time.
NUR 2790 Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
Final Exam Content Guide
1. Stroke – CVA – Brain attack disruption of cerebral blood flow secondary to ischemia, hemorrhage, brain attack,
or embolism
1) Hemorrhagic – ruptured artery or aneurysm = ischemia and ↑ICP caused by expanding collection of
blood. Prognosis poor.
2) Thrombotic – d/t development of blood clot on an atherosclerotic plaque in a cerebral artery. The
clot gradually shuts off the artery causing ischemia distal to the occlusion. Symptoms evolve over
several hours to days.
3) Embolic – d/t embolus traveling from another part of the body to the cerebral artery. Blood to brain
distal to occlusion immediately shuts off causing neuro deficits, or a loss of consciousness can
instantly occur. --- This type of stroke may be reversed with rtPA if given within 4.5hrs of initial
symptoms.
Risk Factors: HTN, DM, smoking == PREVENTION == Early treatment of HTN, maintain BGL, quit smoking.
Right vs Left: Right = visual and spatial awareness and propriception. Left = language, math, and analytic
thinking (agnosia – inability to recognize familiar objects).
Interventions: Have suction equipment avail. Vitals 1-2hrs – Notify MD if BP >180/110. Temp (↑ can
cause ↑ICP). O2 and maintain > 92%. Cardiac monitor. Monitor LOC (↑ICP). Elevate HOB >30 to
reduce ICP and promote venous drainage. Maintain midline neutral position. SEIZURE Percautions.
Assist with communication. Assist with safe feeding. Intervene for complications r/t immobility. Active
ROM to unaffected exteemities, and Passive ROM to affected extremities. Vision deficits = instruct
scanning techinique (turning head). Prevent DVT. Assist with ADL’s. Provide frequent rest.
Complitcations: – Prevent shoulder subluxation if affected arm is not supported. Unilateral neglect (nurse to
provide arm sling/foot rest). Dysphagia and aspiration (nurse assess gag reflex, monitor swallowing).
MEDS: Anticoagulant: Enoxaparin (Lovenox), warfarin (Coumadin) – Antiplatelet: Aspirin – Thrombolytic: rtPA –
Antiepileptic: phenytoin (Dilantin), gabapentin (Neurontin)
2. Traumatic brain injury – major causes, eligibility for federal programs, types, assessment, interventions,
rehabilitation, support, interdisciplinary care planning, sympathetic storming prevention
3. Mild brain injury – common types, assessment, interventions, patient education, prevention
4. Moderate brain injury – common types, assessment, interventions, treatments, interdisciplinary care planning,
patient education, prevention
5. Increased intracranial pressure – assessment, interventions, unsafe interventions, treatments, monitoring,
common medications, what to avoid, interdisciplinary care planning, patient education
Treatment: Cooling blankets to lower overall body temperature. By lowering temperature of the body, the
metabolic rate in the brain decreases, thus reducing metabolic demands and allowing the brain to begin to
recover; Sedative or neuromuscular medications may be needed to prevent shivering and anxiety, which will
,Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
increase temperature; ICP is measured by placing a small tube in the ventricles of the brain (ventriculostomy)
Nursing Interventions:
• Monitor the cerebral perfusion pressure, difference between the CPP is the difference between the ICP
and the mean arterial pressure (MAP)
• CPP is calculated by subtracting the ICP from the MAP
• Keep oxygen saturation at 100%
• Help with environmental stimuli; keep lights and noise low
• Visitors limited to one to two for short time
• Institute measures to promote healing and prevent complications; turn every 2 hours & HOB at 30
• Compression stockings
• Anticoagulant therapy
6. Brain tumor- Cancer usually originates in the lung and breast but can also start in the kidney, prostate, or as
lymphoma or melanoma, which then spreads to the brain
, Exam_FINAL_Content Guide.
- Primary brain tumor means that the cancer originated in the brain tissue; however, this type of tumor is rare
- Secondary brain tumor is one that started in another location in the body and spread to the brain or CNS
• Treatment: Main interventions are chemotherapy, radiation, & surgery
• Potential Complications: Increased intracranial pressure
7. Hepatitis – is inflammation of the liver. Increased inflammation = necrosis interfereing with blood flow to liver.
Symptoms – influenza like (Fatigue, joint pain, abd pain, ↓appetite with nausea). Dark urine. Clay stool.
Jaundice. Fever. Vomiting.
Labs – Elevated ALT/AST and total bilirubin
NORMAL VALUES:
ALT or SGPT: 10-25 units/L -- 200-400 can = hepatitis or liver damage from drugs/chemicals
Jaundice caused by liver = >300 not caused by liver <300
AST or SGOT: 8-38 units/L Liver injury can ↑by 10X.
Bilirubin: Total: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL adults
Liver Biopsy – most definitive diagnostic approach. Need informed consent. Have Pt lie supine URQ exposed,
take EXHALE breath and hold during needle insertion – resume breathing after needle withdrawn. After
procedure lie in on Right side and maintain for several hours.
a. Who is at risk for:
i. Hepatitis A: Individuals living with infected people, sex partners of infected people, traveling to
other countries
- Fecal/oral route, contaminated food or water (PPE for incontinent PT’s)
- Can take vaccine after exposure.
ii. Hepatitis B: Health care workers or people exposed to blood and body fluids, inmates in prisons,
drug users, multiple sex partners, hemodialysis patients, recipients of clotting factor
concentrates
- Blood, Body fluids (semen, saliva, vaginal), blood through skin and mucous membranes
- Use PPE if exposure to blood.
iii. Hepatitis C: IV drug users, recipients of blood products or tissue transplants before 1992, tattoos
and piercings
- Blood and plasma through skin and mucous membranes
- Use PPE if exposure to blood.
iv. Hepatitis D: coinfection with hep B
b. Chronic Hepatits = B, C, or D.
8. Cirrhosis – Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by destruction of the liver cells
and subsequent formation of fibrotic tissue that reconfigures normal, healthy liver tissue. This lack of elasticity
causes blood, bile, and lymphatic systems to become congested and obstructed, and further damage is incurred.
■ Extensive scarring of the liver caused by necrotic injury or chronic reaction to inflammation over time.
