1
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INVITATION TO BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
1.1 APPLICATION: SECRET LIFE OF Research in the Real World
EARTH Potato Chips and Stomachaches
1.2 LIFE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF Butterflies and Birds
ITS PARTS
1.7 ANALYZING EXPERIMENTAL
Life’s Organization
RESULTS
1.3 HOW LIVING THINGS ARE ALIKE
Sampling Error
Organisms Require Energy and Bias in Interpreting Results
Nutrients
1.8 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
Homeostasis
DNA is Hereditary Material What Science Is
What is Not Science
1.4 HOW LIVING THINGS DIFFER What Science is Not
1.5 ORGANIZING INFORMATION
1.10 THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH
ABOUT SPECIES
(REVISITED)
A Rose by Any Other Name… SUMMARY
Distinguishing Species
SELF-QUIZ
1.6 THE SCIENCE OF NATURE
DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE
Thinking about Thinking
The Scientific Method CRITICAL THINKING
,Core Concepts
Systems: Complex properties arise from interactions among components of a biological system.
We can understand life by studying it at increasingly inclusive levels, starting with atoms that
compose matter, and extending to the biosphere. Each level is a biological system composed of
interacting parts. Interactions among the components of a system give rise to complex
properties not found in any of the components. The movement of matter and energy through
ecosystems influences interactions among organisms and their environment.
Evolution: Evolution underlies the unity and diversity of life.
Shared core processes and features that are widely distributed among organisms provide
evidence that all living things are linked by lines of descent from common ancestors. All
biological systems are sustained by the exchange of matter and energy; all store, retrieve,
transmit, and respond to information essential for life.
Process of Science: The field of biology consists of and relies upon experimentation and the collection
and analysis of scientific evidence.
Science addresses only testable ideas about observable events and processes. Observation,
experimentation, quantitative analysis, and critical thinking are key aspects of scientific
research.
Carefully designed experiments that yield objective data help researchers unravel cause-and-
effect relationships in complex biological systems.
Key Terms
animals biosphere data
archaea cell deductive reasoning
atoms community dependent variable
bacteria consumers development
biodiversity control group DNA
biology
critical thinking ecosystem
,emergent properties model protists
energy molecules reproduction
eukaryotes nucleus sampling error
experiment nutrient science
experimental group organs scientific method
fungus, fungi organ systems scientific theory
genus, genera organism species
growth photosynthesis specific epithet
homeostasis plants statistically significant
science hypothesis population taxon
independent variable prediction taxonomy
inductive reasoning probability tissues
inheritance producer traits
law of nature prokaryotes variable
Lecture Outline
1.1 Application: Secret Life of Earth
A. Are there any places left on Earth that have not been explored?
1. Yes: a 2005 trip to New Guinea discovered many new plant and animal species.
2. New species, mostly smaller organisms, continue to be discovered every day.
B. The more we learn about nature, the more we realize how much more there is to
learn.
C. This text helps students discover “life,” that is, how organisms are constructed, how
they live, etc.
1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
, Learning Objectives:
• Describe the successive levels of life’s organization.
• Explain the idea of emergent properties and give an example.
A. Life’s Organization
1. Biologists examine all aspects of life, from the smallest atom to global
communities.
2. Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life.
3. The levels of organization grow in complexity: atoms → molecules → cells →
organism.
4. Multicellular organisms have increasingly complex levels of organization that
result in tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms → populations →
communities → ecosystems → biosphere.
5. At each successive level of organization, emergent properties can be detected.
1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
Learning Objectives:
• Distinguish producers from consumers.
• Explain why homeostasis is important for sustaining life.
• Explain how DNA is the basis of similarities and differences among organisms.
A. Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients
1. Energy, the capacity to do work, moves through the universe in a series of
transfers.
2. Higher levels of organization would cease without energy inputs from the
environment.
3. Energy flows from the sun.
a. Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) make their own food
by converting sunlight to usable energy.
b. Consumers (animals and decomposers) cannot make food, but use other
organisms to obtain their energy and molecular building blocks
(carbohydrates, fats, and proteins).
____________________________________________________________________________________________
INVITATION TO BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
1.1 APPLICATION: SECRET LIFE OF Research in the Real World
EARTH Potato Chips and Stomachaches
1.2 LIFE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF Butterflies and Birds
ITS PARTS
1.7 ANALYZING EXPERIMENTAL
Life’s Organization
RESULTS
1.3 HOW LIVING THINGS ARE ALIKE
Sampling Error
Organisms Require Energy and Bias in Interpreting Results
Nutrients
1.8 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
Homeostasis
DNA is Hereditary Material What Science Is
What is Not Science
1.4 HOW LIVING THINGS DIFFER What Science is Not
1.5 ORGANIZING INFORMATION
1.10 THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH
ABOUT SPECIES
(REVISITED)
A Rose by Any Other Name… SUMMARY
Distinguishing Species
SELF-QUIZ
1.6 THE SCIENCE OF NATURE
DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE
Thinking about Thinking
The Scientific Method CRITICAL THINKING
,Core Concepts
Systems: Complex properties arise from interactions among components of a biological system.
We can understand life by studying it at increasingly inclusive levels, starting with atoms that
compose matter, and extending to the biosphere. Each level is a biological system composed of
interacting parts. Interactions among the components of a system give rise to complex
properties not found in any of the components. The movement of matter and energy through
ecosystems influences interactions among organisms and their environment.
Evolution: Evolution underlies the unity and diversity of life.
Shared core processes and features that are widely distributed among organisms provide
evidence that all living things are linked by lines of descent from common ancestors. All
biological systems are sustained by the exchange of matter and energy; all store, retrieve,
transmit, and respond to information essential for life.
Process of Science: The field of biology consists of and relies upon experimentation and the collection
and analysis of scientific evidence.
Science addresses only testable ideas about observable events and processes. Observation,
experimentation, quantitative analysis, and critical thinking are key aspects of scientific
research.
Carefully designed experiments that yield objective data help researchers unravel cause-and-
effect relationships in complex biological systems.
Key Terms
animals biosphere data
archaea cell deductive reasoning
atoms community dependent variable
bacteria consumers development
biodiversity control group DNA
biology
critical thinking ecosystem
,emergent properties model protists
energy molecules reproduction
eukaryotes nucleus sampling error
experiment nutrient science
experimental group organs scientific method
fungus, fungi organ systems scientific theory
genus, genera organism species
growth photosynthesis specific epithet
homeostasis plants statistically significant
science hypothesis population taxon
independent variable prediction taxonomy
inductive reasoning probability tissues
inheritance producer traits
law of nature prokaryotes variable
Lecture Outline
1.1 Application: Secret Life of Earth
A. Are there any places left on Earth that have not been explored?
1. Yes: a 2005 trip to New Guinea discovered many new plant and animal species.
2. New species, mostly smaller organisms, continue to be discovered every day.
B. The more we learn about nature, the more we realize how much more there is to
learn.
C. This text helps students discover “life,” that is, how organisms are constructed, how
they live, etc.
1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
, Learning Objectives:
• Describe the successive levels of life’s organization.
• Explain the idea of emergent properties and give an example.
A. Life’s Organization
1. Biologists examine all aspects of life, from the smallest atom to global
communities.
2. Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life.
3. The levels of organization grow in complexity: atoms → molecules → cells →
organism.
4. Multicellular organisms have increasingly complex levels of organization that
result in tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms → populations →
communities → ecosystems → biosphere.
5. At each successive level of organization, emergent properties can be detected.
1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
Learning Objectives:
• Distinguish producers from consumers.
• Explain why homeostasis is important for sustaining life.
• Explain how DNA is the basis of similarities and differences among organisms.
A. Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients
1. Energy, the capacity to do work, moves through the universe in a series of
transfers.
2. Higher levels of organization would cease without energy inputs from the
environment.
3. Energy flows from the sun.
a. Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) make their own food
by converting sunlight to usable energy.
b. Consumers (animals and decomposers) cannot make food, but use other
organisms to obtain their energy and molecular building blocks
(carbohydrates, fats, and proteins).
