nr 283 unit 4

(Chapters 10 & 12) *Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term means, look it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking yourself “why” as you are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material versus memorization which will better help you answer questions. *Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter * Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question Chapter 10: Blood and Circulatory System Disorders 1. Describe the following terms and their function in the circulatory system: a. Pulmonary Circulation: allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs b. Systemic Circulation: provides exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells throughout the body. c. Arteries: transport blood away from the heart into the lungs or to body tissues. d. Arterioles: the smaller branches of arteries that control the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries in specific areas through the degree of contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls (vasoconstriction or dilation). e. Capillaries: very small vessels organized in numerous networks that form the microcirculation. f. Venules: conduct blood from the capillary beds towards the heart g. Veins: collect blood draining from the venules, approx. 70% of blood are in the veins at any time. h. Autoregulation: a reflex adjustment in a small area of a tissue or an organ and controls localized vasodilation or vasoconstriction in arterioles. i. Vasodilation: a decrease in pH, an increase in carbon dioxide, or a decrease in oxygen. j. Vasoconstriction: release of chemical mediators such as histamine or an increase in temperature at a specific area. k. Hematopoiesis: The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells. Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sack, then in the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow. In the normal situation, hematopoiesis in adults occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues. All types of blood cells are derived from primitive cells (stem cells) that are pluripotent (they have the potential to develop into all types of blood cells). 2. List the 3 hormones that cause vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure: a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Angiotensin 3. What is erythropoietin? Stimulates erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow in response to tissue to hypoxia (insufficient oxygen available to cells). a. Where is it produced? Originating from the kidneys b. Under what conditions is it produced? It depends on the availability of many raw materials, including amino acids, iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid.