NASM Certification 2022
acute disease ans: any suddenly occurring medical condition that persists without quickly going away
chronic disease ans: medical condition that persists without quickly going away or being cured
altogether
hypertension ans: a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke
What is the leading cause of death in the US? ans: heart disease
cholesterol ans: waxy substance found in the blood that is made up of a combination of protein and
fatty acids
diabetes ans: blood glucose levels are too high
insulin ans: hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose get into cells to provide the energy
for work
cancer ans: abnormal growth of cells that can result from a wide range of genetic and environmental
factors
COPD ans: umbrella term for lung diseases
the two most common issues at the foot and ankle are... ans: sprains and plantar fasciitis
ankle sprain ans: occurs when a person rolls, twists, or turns an ankle, which stretches or tears ligaments
plantar fasciitis ans: causes pain in the plantar fascia tissue located on the underside of the foot
LPHC ans: made up of the lumbar spine(low-back area), pelvis, abdomen, and hip structures. it connects
the upper and lower halves of ones body
the four Ps of marketing ans: product, price, promotion, place
ambivalence to exercise ans: they have mixed feelings
stages of change ans: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
SMART goals ans: smart, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely goals
nervous system ans: provides sensory and motor information, includes the CNS(brain and spinal cord)
and PNS(somatic and autonomic nervous system)
neuron ans: functional unit of the nervous system
,the nervous system requires these electrolytes to function ans: sodium, potassium, magnesium, and
water
three stages of motor skill development ans: 1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous
skeletal system ans: provides support and protects organs. has two subdivisions: axial and appendicular
human bones ans: attachment sites and levers (rigid rods) meant to produce movement when muscles
contract
five categories of bones ans: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
five distinct columns of the vertebral ans: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
intevertebral discs ans: in between each vertebra and acts as shock absorber and assists with movement
Osteokinematics ans: bone movement
Arthrokinematics ans: movement at the joint surface
six classifications of synovial joints ans: gliding(plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-
socket
myofibrils ans: consist of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments actin and myosin, which create
muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory. ATP is also needed for this process
excitation-contraction coupling ans: the steps in the muscle contraction process, involves calcium and
acetylcholine
all or nothing principle ans: describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract
at all
muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with_____innervated fibers ans: fewer
Type I muscle fibers ans: slow-twitch, smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant
Type II muscle fibers ans: fast-twitch, larger in size, produce more force, fatigue quickly
normal heart rate range ans: 60-100 bpm
the two sides of the heart ans: atrium and ventricle
sinoatrial node ans: in the right atrium, known as the pacemaker of the heart and sends electrical signal
to the atrioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles
,right atrium ans: gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart and sends it to the right ventricle
and to the lungs for oxygenation
left atrium ans: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle to be pumped
out of the body
pulmonary artery ans: transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
pulmonary vein ans: transfers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
stroke volume ans: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction, end-systolic
volume minus end-diastolic volume
end-diastolic volume ans: the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction
end-systolic volume ans: the amount of blood preset in the ventricle after contraction
cardiac output ans: the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both
heart rate and stroke volume
normal blood pressure ans: 120mm Hg systolic/80 mm Hg diastolic
arteries ans: transport blood away from the heart
veins ans: transport blood back to the heart
capillaries ans: function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues
normal respiratory rate ans: 12 to 16 breathes per minute
diffusion ans: used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body's tissues
bradypnea ans: respiratory rate of less than 8 BPM
tachypnea ans: respiratory rate is more than 24 BPM
endocrine system ans: consists of glands that secret hormones
hormones ans: are released into the bloodstream, they are protected by transporters, which carry them
to the intended organ or structure, where they bind with a receptor to stimulate a particular function
cortisol ans: stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise as a marker
of overtraining
glucagon ans: aids in the metabolism of glucose
insulin ans: aids in the cellular uptake and storage of glucose
, catecholamines ans: consist of epinephrine and norepinephrine, are immediately stimulated from the
adrenal medulla in response to exercise
cortisol ans: considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood
sugar and sleep
mastication ans: the mechanical process of chewing and breaking down food
digestion ans: ingested foods are first processed in the oral cavity, once the food is broken down, it
passes through the esophagus into the stomach where gastric juices aid digestion, kill bacteria, and turn
food into chyme , which is then passed into the small intestines
small intestine ans: key function in absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, amino acids, and iron.
also electrolytes, like water
large intestine ans: absorbs electrolytes and vitamins and serves to pass waste from non digested food
to the rectum. uses water to help pass waste into the rectum
what organs produce and store digestive juices to be secreted into the small intestine to help with
digestion? ans: liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
what does exercise do for digestive function? ans: increases transit time of food from the upper to the
lower GI tracts
osteokinematic ans: the observable movement of a limb
arthrokinematic ans: the movement taking place at the joint itself
motions of the scapulae ans: scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular depression, scapular
elevation
isotonic muscle actions ans: concentric and eccentric phases
closed-chain movements ans: anchor the body to the ground or immovable object
open-chain movements ans: involves the distal limp moving freely in space
strength-shortening cycle ans: involves three phases, which include eccentric phase, amortization phase,
and concentric phase
force-couple ans: muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint
local muscular system ans: involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide
stability for the LPHC
global muscle system ans: can be broken down into subsystems, which include deep longitudinal,
posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems
acute disease ans: any suddenly occurring medical condition that persists without quickly going away
chronic disease ans: medical condition that persists without quickly going away or being cured
altogether
hypertension ans: a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke
What is the leading cause of death in the US? ans: heart disease
cholesterol ans: waxy substance found in the blood that is made up of a combination of protein and
fatty acids
diabetes ans: blood glucose levels are too high
insulin ans: hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose get into cells to provide the energy
for work
cancer ans: abnormal growth of cells that can result from a wide range of genetic and environmental
factors
COPD ans: umbrella term for lung diseases
the two most common issues at the foot and ankle are... ans: sprains and plantar fasciitis
ankle sprain ans: occurs when a person rolls, twists, or turns an ankle, which stretches or tears ligaments
plantar fasciitis ans: causes pain in the plantar fascia tissue located on the underside of the foot
LPHC ans: made up of the lumbar spine(low-back area), pelvis, abdomen, and hip structures. it connects
the upper and lower halves of ones body
the four Ps of marketing ans: product, price, promotion, place
ambivalence to exercise ans: they have mixed feelings
stages of change ans: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
SMART goals ans: smart, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely goals
nervous system ans: provides sensory and motor information, includes the CNS(brain and spinal cord)
and PNS(somatic and autonomic nervous system)
neuron ans: functional unit of the nervous system
,the nervous system requires these electrolytes to function ans: sodium, potassium, magnesium, and
water
three stages of motor skill development ans: 1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous
skeletal system ans: provides support and protects organs. has two subdivisions: axial and appendicular
human bones ans: attachment sites and levers (rigid rods) meant to produce movement when muscles
contract
five categories of bones ans: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
five distinct columns of the vertebral ans: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
intevertebral discs ans: in between each vertebra and acts as shock absorber and assists with movement
Osteokinematics ans: bone movement
Arthrokinematics ans: movement at the joint surface
six classifications of synovial joints ans: gliding(plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-
socket
myofibrils ans: consist of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments actin and myosin, which create
muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory. ATP is also needed for this process
excitation-contraction coupling ans: the steps in the muscle contraction process, involves calcium and
acetylcholine
all or nothing principle ans: describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract
at all
muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with_____innervated fibers ans: fewer
Type I muscle fibers ans: slow-twitch, smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant
Type II muscle fibers ans: fast-twitch, larger in size, produce more force, fatigue quickly
normal heart rate range ans: 60-100 bpm
the two sides of the heart ans: atrium and ventricle
sinoatrial node ans: in the right atrium, known as the pacemaker of the heart and sends electrical signal
to the atrioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles
,right atrium ans: gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart and sends it to the right ventricle
and to the lungs for oxygenation
left atrium ans: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle to be pumped
out of the body
pulmonary artery ans: transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
pulmonary vein ans: transfers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
stroke volume ans: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction, end-systolic
volume minus end-diastolic volume
end-diastolic volume ans: the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction
end-systolic volume ans: the amount of blood preset in the ventricle after contraction
cardiac output ans: the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both
heart rate and stroke volume
normal blood pressure ans: 120mm Hg systolic/80 mm Hg diastolic
arteries ans: transport blood away from the heart
veins ans: transport blood back to the heart
capillaries ans: function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues
normal respiratory rate ans: 12 to 16 breathes per minute
diffusion ans: used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body's tissues
bradypnea ans: respiratory rate of less than 8 BPM
tachypnea ans: respiratory rate is more than 24 BPM
endocrine system ans: consists of glands that secret hormones
hormones ans: are released into the bloodstream, they are protected by transporters, which carry them
to the intended organ or structure, where they bind with a receptor to stimulate a particular function
cortisol ans: stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise as a marker
of overtraining
glucagon ans: aids in the metabolism of glucose
insulin ans: aids in the cellular uptake and storage of glucose
, catecholamines ans: consist of epinephrine and norepinephrine, are immediately stimulated from the
adrenal medulla in response to exercise
cortisol ans: considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood
sugar and sleep
mastication ans: the mechanical process of chewing and breaking down food
digestion ans: ingested foods are first processed in the oral cavity, once the food is broken down, it
passes through the esophagus into the stomach where gastric juices aid digestion, kill bacteria, and turn
food into chyme , which is then passed into the small intestines
small intestine ans: key function in absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, amino acids, and iron.
also electrolytes, like water
large intestine ans: absorbs electrolytes and vitamins and serves to pass waste from non digested food
to the rectum. uses water to help pass waste into the rectum
what organs produce and store digestive juices to be secreted into the small intestine to help with
digestion? ans: liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
what does exercise do for digestive function? ans: increases transit time of food from the upper to the
lower GI tracts
osteokinematic ans: the observable movement of a limb
arthrokinematic ans: the movement taking place at the joint itself
motions of the scapulae ans: scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular depression, scapular
elevation
isotonic muscle actions ans: concentric and eccentric phases
closed-chain movements ans: anchor the body to the ground or immovable object
open-chain movements ans: involves the distal limp moving freely in space
strength-shortening cycle ans: involves three phases, which include eccentric phase, amortization phase,
and concentric phase
force-couple ans: muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint
local muscular system ans: involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide
stability for the LPHC
global muscle system ans: can be broken down into subsystems, which include deep longitudinal,
posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems
