Introduction
Our immune system is a diffuse, complex network of cells interacting with each other, cell
products and cell-forming tissues → protects the body:
1. from pathogens (other foreign substances)
2. destroys infected and malignant cells (cancer)
3. removes cellular debris → wound healing
The immune system must discriminate against self and non-self + harmless and harmful,
because we do not want our immune system to attack harmless cells
- non-self & harmful → pathogens
- non-self & harmless → microbiome on humans
- self & harmful → cancer cells
- self & harmless → our organs
Before we can use our immune system for treatment such as vaccines, we need to know
how to achieve the balance between inflammation and tolerance, and what can cause
disbalance.
Part 1: Innate vs adaptive immunity → components
Immunological components in our blood:
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
- White blood cells (Leukocytes)
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
- NK cells
- T cells
- B cells
- Plasma
- Antibodies
- Complement
The leukocytes and plasma are subdivided into 2 main immunological categories:
1. Innate immunity (0-12 hours): born with this
- Granulocytes release their granules when something is there that is not
supposed to be there
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes: NK cells
- Complement
- Dendritic cells that go to lymphatic system that activate B and T cells
(adaptice)
2. Adaptive immunity (1-7 days): born with part of the cells, and they develop and
adapt
- Lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
, - Antibodies
Hematopoiesis= development of immune cells with 2 common precursors
1. Development of myeloid cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC cells)
- all innate cells + NK cells from lymphoid progenitor
2. Development of lymphoid cells from HSC cells
- all adaptive cells (exl. NK cells)
→ HSC cells divide into 2 daughter cells:
- common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
- common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
CMP → Granulocytes:
- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil,
- (derives from monocyte) macrophage & dendritic cell (antigen presenting cells)
- mast cell
LMP → lymphocytes:
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
The monocyte is an innate
immune cell but it is
necessary to activate the
adaptive immune system
Immunity is subdivided into 3 lines of defense based on SPEED of activation upon danger
I. epithelial barriers
A. skin
B. gut
C. lungs
D. eyes/nose/oral cavity
II. innate immunity
III. adaptive immunity
, We have innate and adaptive immunity including white blood cells, antibodies, complement
and also lymphatic system!
→ make sure that your lymphocytes go throughout your body outside blood circulation
Lymphatic system → subdivision into primary and secondary lymphoid organs
(VERY IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVATION OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEM)
1. primary: development of adaptive immune cells
- Bone marrow: B cells
- Thymus: T cells
2. secondary: activation of adaptive immune cells
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
Our immune system is a diffuse, complex network of cells interacting with each other, cell
products and cell-forming tissues → protects the body:
1. from pathogens (other foreign substances)
2. destroys infected and malignant cells (cancer)
3. removes cellular debris → wound healing
The immune system must discriminate against self and non-self + harmless and harmful,
because we do not want our immune system to attack harmless cells
- non-self & harmful → pathogens
- non-self & harmless → microbiome on humans
- self & harmful → cancer cells
- self & harmless → our organs
Before we can use our immune system for treatment such as vaccines, we need to know
how to achieve the balance between inflammation and tolerance, and what can cause
disbalance.
Part 1: Innate vs adaptive immunity → components
Immunological components in our blood:
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
- White blood cells (Leukocytes)
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
- NK cells
- T cells
- B cells
- Plasma
- Antibodies
- Complement
The leukocytes and plasma are subdivided into 2 main immunological categories:
1. Innate immunity (0-12 hours): born with this
- Granulocytes release their granules when something is there that is not
supposed to be there
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes: NK cells
- Complement
- Dendritic cells that go to lymphatic system that activate B and T cells
(adaptice)
2. Adaptive immunity (1-7 days): born with part of the cells, and they develop and
adapt
- Lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
, - Antibodies
Hematopoiesis= development of immune cells with 2 common precursors
1. Development of myeloid cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC cells)
- all innate cells + NK cells from lymphoid progenitor
2. Development of lymphoid cells from HSC cells
- all adaptive cells (exl. NK cells)
→ HSC cells divide into 2 daughter cells:
- common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
- common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
CMP → Granulocytes:
- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil,
- (derives from monocyte) macrophage & dendritic cell (antigen presenting cells)
- mast cell
LMP → lymphocytes:
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
The monocyte is an innate
immune cell but it is
necessary to activate the
adaptive immune system
Immunity is subdivided into 3 lines of defense based on SPEED of activation upon danger
I. epithelial barriers
A. skin
B. gut
C. lungs
D. eyes/nose/oral cavity
II. innate immunity
III. adaptive immunity
, We have innate and adaptive immunity including white blood cells, antibodies, complement
and also lymphatic system!
→ make sure that your lymphocytes go throughout your body outside blood circulation
Lymphatic system → subdivision into primary and secondary lymphoid organs
(VERY IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVATION OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEM)
1. primary: development of adaptive immune cells
- Bone marrow: B cells
- Thymus: T cells
2. secondary: activation of adaptive immune cells
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
