Basics of Pharmacology Cuevas, Cris Maraefiel D.
Monday, 6 June 2022 5:15 pm
Pharmacology
Derived from the Greek word pharmakon (drugs) and logos (science)
- Study of drugs and its actions on living organisms
Drugs
Derived from Dutch word droog (dry)
- Chemical substances that have an effect on living organism
Medicines
Therapeutic drugs in the prevention or treatment of diseases
Types of Drug Names
Chemical name
Name by which the chemist knows a drug; describes the constituents of
the drug
Generic name
Name given before a drug becomes official
Brand name
Also called the trademark; name given by the drug manufacturer
Drug Classifications
According to therapeutic use or clinical indications
- Ex. Antacids, antibiotics, laxatives
According to physiologic effect or chemical action
- Ex. Calcium channel blockers
Prescription drugs or non-prescription drugs/over-the-counter (OTC)
drugs
FNP - LEC Page 1
,Legal aspects of drug administration in the Philippines
Republic Act 8423 - Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA of
1997)
Republic Act 6675 - Generics Act of 1988
Republic Act 7394 - The Consumer Act of the Philippines
- Nurses are responsible for their own actions regardless of whether
there is written order
- If a physician writes an incorrect order, a nurse who administers the
written incorrect dosage is responsible for the error as well as the
physician
- Nurses should question/validate any order that appears unreasonable
and refuse to give the medication until the order is clarified
Effects of Drugs
1. Desired effect - primary intended effect, why drugs is prescribed
2. Side effect (adverse effect, secondary effect) - unintended effects;
predictable; harmless or harmful
3. Drug toxicity - deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue
4. Drug allergy - immunologic reaction to a drug; may be mild or severe
(anaphylactic reaction)
5. Drug tolerance - condition in which therapeutic effect is not achieved
when dosage is minimal or not increased
6. Cumulative - increasing response to repeated doses; results when
administration is faster than metabolism or excretion
7. Idiosyncratic effect - effect that is unexpected; may be individual to a
client
8. Drug interaction - alteration which results with administration of 2 or
more drugs; may be potentiating effect or inhibiting effect
2 types of potentiating effect
- Additive
- Two of the same drug types increase action of each other
- Synergistic
- Two of different drug types increase the action of one or another drug
8. Iatrogenic disease - disease causes unintentionally by medical
FNP - LEC Page 2
, 8. Iatrogenic disease - disease causes unintentionally by medical
therapy
9. Carcinogens - drugs that causes cellular changes causing cancer
10. Teratogens - drugs that adversely affects cellular development
Drug misuse
1. Improper use of common medications in ways that lead to acute and
chronic toxicity
Drug abuse
1. Inappropriate intake of substance either continually or periodically
2. May be drug dependence or habituation
Drug dependence
1. Person's reliance on or need to take a drug or substance
2. May be psychologic or physiologic
Drug habituation
1. Mild form of dependence
2. Individual develops habit of taking the substance and feels better
after taking it
Illicit drugs
- Street drugs; drugs sold illegally
Therapeutic Effects of Drugs
1. Palliative - relieves symptoms
2. Curative - cures a disease
3. Supportive - supports body function
4. Substitutive - replaces fluids, hormones
5. Chemotherapeutic - destroys malignant cells
6. Restorative - returns the body to health
Common signs of allergic reaction
- Skin rash
Pruritus
FNP - LEC Page 3
Monday, 6 June 2022 5:15 pm
Pharmacology
Derived from the Greek word pharmakon (drugs) and logos (science)
- Study of drugs and its actions on living organisms
Drugs
Derived from Dutch word droog (dry)
- Chemical substances that have an effect on living organism
Medicines
Therapeutic drugs in the prevention or treatment of diseases
Types of Drug Names
Chemical name
Name by which the chemist knows a drug; describes the constituents of
the drug
Generic name
Name given before a drug becomes official
Brand name
Also called the trademark; name given by the drug manufacturer
Drug Classifications
According to therapeutic use or clinical indications
- Ex. Antacids, antibiotics, laxatives
According to physiologic effect or chemical action
- Ex. Calcium channel blockers
Prescription drugs or non-prescription drugs/over-the-counter (OTC)
drugs
FNP - LEC Page 1
,Legal aspects of drug administration in the Philippines
Republic Act 8423 - Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA of
1997)
Republic Act 6675 - Generics Act of 1988
Republic Act 7394 - The Consumer Act of the Philippines
- Nurses are responsible for their own actions regardless of whether
there is written order
- If a physician writes an incorrect order, a nurse who administers the
written incorrect dosage is responsible for the error as well as the
physician
- Nurses should question/validate any order that appears unreasonable
and refuse to give the medication until the order is clarified
Effects of Drugs
1. Desired effect - primary intended effect, why drugs is prescribed
2. Side effect (adverse effect, secondary effect) - unintended effects;
predictable; harmless or harmful
3. Drug toxicity - deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue
4. Drug allergy - immunologic reaction to a drug; may be mild or severe
(anaphylactic reaction)
5. Drug tolerance - condition in which therapeutic effect is not achieved
when dosage is minimal or not increased
6. Cumulative - increasing response to repeated doses; results when
administration is faster than metabolism or excretion
7. Idiosyncratic effect - effect that is unexpected; may be individual to a
client
8. Drug interaction - alteration which results with administration of 2 or
more drugs; may be potentiating effect or inhibiting effect
2 types of potentiating effect
- Additive
- Two of the same drug types increase action of each other
- Synergistic
- Two of different drug types increase the action of one or another drug
8. Iatrogenic disease - disease causes unintentionally by medical
FNP - LEC Page 2
, 8. Iatrogenic disease - disease causes unintentionally by medical
therapy
9. Carcinogens - drugs that causes cellular changes causing cancer
10. Teratogens - drugs that adversely affects cellular development
Drug misuse
1. Improper use of common medications in ways that lead to acute and
chronic toxicity
Drug abuse
1. Inappropriate intake of substance either continually or periodically
2. May be drug dependence or habituation
Drug dependence
1. Person's reliance on or need to take a drug or substance
2. May be psychologic or physiologic
Drug habituation
1. Mild form of dependence
2. Individual develops habit of taking the substance and feels better
after taking it
Illicit drugs
- Street drugs; drugs sold illegally
Therapeutic Effects of Drugs
1. Palliative - relieves symptoms
2. Curative - cures a disease
3. Supportive - supports body function
4. Substitutive - replaces fluids, hormones
5. Chemotherapeutic - destroys malignant cells
6. Restorative - returns the body to health
Common signs of allergic reaction
- Skin rash
Pruritus
FNP - LEC Page 3
