HSC 315: Public Health Final
health promotion/disease prevention era
-mid 80s-2000s Correct Answer: focus on individual behavior & disease detection in vulnerable &
general populations
-clinical & population-oriented prevention with focus on individual control of decision-making & multiple
interventions
-AIDS epidemic & need for multiple interventions to reduce risk
-reductions in coronary heart disease thru multiple interventions
-individual prevention: mammograms & pap smears
-newborn screening for genetic disease
public health advances during health promotion/disease prevention era
-mid 80s-2000s Correct Answer: -environmental movement
-awareness of lead in gas & paint
-focus on ↓ cancer by control of radiation exposure from sun & radon (naturally occurring radiation
sources)
-global cooperation to fix hole found in ozone layer
-↓ air pollution level & smoking rates = impacted frequency of chronic lung disease, asthma, coronary
artery disease
first vaccine Correct Answer: -1700s: edward jenner put fluid from cowpox sores under skin & exposed
them to smallpox (cowpox prevents smallpox)
-early 1900s: vaccines for toxins: tetanus & diptheria
-contagion control (1880-1940s): control of communicable disease thru vaccinations
2000s: population health approach Correct Answer: -stresses collaboration of:
healthcare systems, traditional public health, & social policy
-evidence based approach to analyze determinants of health & disease & intervention options to
preserve/improve health throughout lifecycle
4 components of population health Correct Answer: -health issues
-population(s)
-society's shared health concerns
-society's vulnerable groups
,what era introduced handwashing Correct Answer: hygiene movement (1840-1870s)
-Ignas Semmelweis had Dr.s do handwashing before delivering babies to ↓ puerperal fever
population health era
-2000s Correct Answer: -coordination of public health & healthcare delivery based on shared evidence-
based systems thinking
-evidence-based recommendations & info management, focus on harms & costs, benefits of
interventions, globalization
-evidence-based medicine & public health, info tech, antibiotic resistance, global collaboration (ex: one
health), tobacco control, climate change, full life cycle approach to improving community health
-potential bioterrorism, ↑ healthcare costs, pandemic flu, AIDS, ebola
-global perspective/international health issues
-One Health: focus on potential climate change, re&emerging infectious diseases, consequences of trade
in potentially dangerous/contaminated product:food to toys
what is HALEs? Correct Answer: -measurement that WHO uses to summarize the health of populations
-combines life expectancy with measurements of quality of health
-WHO uses survey data to obtain a country's overall measurement of quality of health
uses:
-mobility: ability to walk without assistance
-cognition: mental function & memory
-self-care: ADLs: dressing, eating, bathing, toileting
-pain: regular pain that limits function
-mood: alteration in mood that limits function
-sensory organ function: impairment in vision or hearing that impairs function
-from these measurements, gather overall quality of health score
HALEs quality of health scores Correct Answer: 90%: average person in country loses 10% of their full
health over their lifetime to 1 or more disabilities
most countries have 85%-90%
-below 85%: considered poor
-above 90%: great
-quality of health measurement x life expectancy at birth = HALE
,what does DALYs stand for Correct Answer: disability-adjusted life years
what does HALEs stand for? Correct Answer: health adjusted life expectancy
PERIE approach Correct Answer: Problem: whats the health problem?
Etiology: what are the contributory causes?
Recommendations: what works to reduce health impacts?
Implementation: how can we get the job done?
Evaluation: how well does the intervention work in practice?
-circular process that repeats if needed
burden of disease Correct Answer: occurrence of disability/morbidity & death/mortality due to a
disease
incidence Correct Answer: measures chances of developing a disease over a period of time, usually 1
year
incidence rate formula Correct Answer: # of new cases of a disease in a year / # of people in the at-risk
population
-expressed as the # of events per 100,000 people
prevalence Correct Answer: # of living with a particular disease / # of people in the at-risk population
prevalence tells us Correct Answer: the proportion or % of individuals who have the disease at a point in
time
course of disease Correct Answer: -how often the disease occurs
-how likely it is to be present currently
-what happens once it occurs
-uses incidence, prevalence, & case fatality rates to describe course of disease
morbidity Correct Answer: disability
-symptoms produced by a disease
mortality Correct Answer: death
-frequency of deaths produced by a disease/condition
population health status measures Correct Answer: -summarize health of populations
, -infant mortality( rate of death in year 1, primary child health measure) & life expectancy (chances of
dying @ each year of life, overall population death) : rely on death & birth certificate data & census data
new measures:
-under 5 mortality: standard health status measure used by WHO to summarize children health
-HALEs & DALYs
health disparities Correct Answer: difference in health closely linked with social or economic
disadvantage
-negatively affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social/economic
obstacles to health
-obstacles stem from characteristics historically linked to discrimination/exclusion: race or ethnicity,
religion, socioeconomic status, gender, disability, mental health, sexual orientation, & geographic
location
-disparities occur in communicable (HIV, Flu vaccination) & noncommunicable (heart disease, colorectal
cancer screening) diseases, environmental health & safety (air pollution, car crashes)
social determinants of health Correct Answer: conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn,
work, play, worship, age, and the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health & quality
of life
-conditions are shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, politics
details of the social determinants of health Correct Answer: -social status: in US, value income,
education, occupation } socioeconomic status
-social support or alienation: social networks benefit health vs. exclusion: racism, discrimination,
marginalization, limiting opportunities for: education, leisure activities, & community services
-food: need education of good diet, access to affordable, healthy food but food available (low price,
accessible) to low income families = unhealthy fast food & convenience stores... disadvantage
populations have inadequate/insecure food source, excess calorie intake, unnutritious diet
-housing: homelessness = malnutrition, lack of medical care, drug use, violence... those with a home
have better overall health...but home hazards: lack of clean water & sanitation, asthma triggers: mold &
dust, lead paint, cockroaches, unsafe structural probs
-education: more education = better health
-work: employed = better health, income allows you to get safe housing, food & education to protect
health... get health services if employer gives health insurance...some jobs=hazardous... job satisfaction
& stress affect mental health & physical health... unemployed: anxiety/stress
health promotion/disease prevention era
-mid 80s-2000s Correct Answer: focus on individual behavior & disease detection in vulnerable &
general populations
-clinical & population-oriented prevention with focus on individual control of decision-making & multiple
interventions
-AIDS epidemic & need for multiple interventions to reduce risk
-reductions in coronary heart disease thru multiple interventions
-individual prevention: mammograms & pap smears
-newborn screening for genetic disease
public health advances during health promotion/disease prevention era
-mid 80s-2000s Correct Answer: -environmental movement
-awareness of lead in gas & paint
-focus on ↓ cancer by control of radiation exposure from sun & radon (naturally occurring radiation
sources)
-global cooperation to fix hole found in ozone layer
-↓ air pollution level & smoking rates = impacted frequency of chronic lung disease, asthma, coronary
artery disease
first vaccine Correct Answer: -1700s: edward jenner put fluid from cowpox sores under skin & exposed
them to smallpox (cowpox prevents smallpox)
-early 1900s: vaccines for toxins: tetanus & diptheria
-contagion control (1880-1940s): control of communicable disease thru vaccinations
2000s: population health approach Correct Answer: -stresses collaboration of:
healthcare systems, traditional public health, & social policy
-evidence based approach to analyze determinants of health & disease & intervention options to
preserve/improve health throughout lifecycle
4 components of population health Correct Answer: -health issues
-population(s)
-society's shared health concerns
-society's vulnerable groups
,what era introduced handwashing Correct Answer: hygiene movement (1840-1870s)
-Ignas Semmelweis had Dr.s do handwashing before delivering babies to ↓ puerperal fever
population health era
-2000s Correct Answer: -coordination of public health & healthcare delivery based on shared evidence-
based systems thinking
-evidence-based recommendations & info management, focus on harms & costs, benefits of
interventions, globalization
-evidence-based medicine & public health, info tech, antibiotic resistance, global collaboration (ex: one
health), tobacco control, climate change, full life cycle approach to improving community health
-potential bioterrorism, ↑ healthcare costs, pandemic flu, AIDS, ebola
-global perspective/international health issues
-One Health: focus on potential climate change, re&emerging infectious diseases, consequences of trade
in potentially dangerous/contaminated product:food to toys
what is HALEs? Correct Answer: -measurement that WHO uses to summarize the health of populations
-combines life expectancy with measurements of quality of health
-WHO uses survey data to obtain a country's overall measurement of quality of health
uses:
-mobility: ability to walk without assistance
-cognition: mental function & memory
-self-care: ADLs: dressing, eating, bathing, toileting
-pain: regular pain that limits function
-mood: alteration in mood that limits function
-sensory organ function: impairment in vision or hearing that impairs function
-from these measurements, gather overall quality of health score
HALEs quality of health scores Correct Answer: 90%: average person in country loses 10% of their full
health over their lifetime to 1 or more disabilities
most countries have 85%-90%
-below 85%: considered poor
-above 90%: great
-quality of health measurement x life expectancy at birth = HALE
,what does DALYs stand for Correct Answer: disability-adjusted life years
what does HALEs stand for? Correct Answer: health adjusted life expectancy
PERIE approach Correct Answer: Problem: whats the health problem?
Etiology: what are the contributory causes?
Recommendations: what works to reduce health impacts?
Implementation: how can we get the job done?
Evaluation: how well does the intervention work in practice?
-circular process that repeats if needed
burden of disease Correct Answer: occurrence of disability/morbidity & death/mortality due to a
disease
incidence Correct Answer: measures chances of developing a disease over a period of time, usually 1
year
incidence rate formula Correct Answer: # of new cases of a disease in a year / # of people in the at-risk
population
-expressed as the # of events per 100,000 people
prevalence Correct Answer: # of living with a particular disease / # of people in the at-risk population
prevalence tells us Correct Answer: the proportion or % of individuals who have the disease at a point in
time
course of disease Correct Answer: -how often the disease occurs
-how likely it is to be present currently
-what happens once it occurs
-uses incidence, prevalence, & case fatality rates to describe course of disease
morbidity Correct Answer: disability
-symptoms produced by a disease
mortality Correct Answer: death
-frequency of deaths produced by a disease/condition
population health status measures Correct Answer: -summarize health of populations
, -infant mortality( rate of death in year 1, primary child health measure) & life expectancy (chances of
dying @ each year of life, overall population death) : rely on death & birth certificate data & census data
new measures:
-under 5 mortality: standard health status measure used by WHO to summarize children health
-HALEs & DALYs
health disparities Correct Answer: difference in health closely linked with social or economic
disadvantage
-negatively affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social/economic
obstacles to health
-obstacles stem from characteristics historically linked to discrimination/exclusion: race or ethnicity,
religion, socioeconomic status, gender, disability, mental health, sexual orientation, & geographic
location
-disparities occur in communicable (HIV, Flu vaccination) & noncommunicable (heart disease, colorectal
cancer screening) diseases, environmental health & safety (air pollution, car crashes)
social determinants of health Correct Answer: conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn,
work, play, worship, age, and the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health & quality
of life
-conditions are shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, politics
details of the social determinants of health Correct Answer: -social status: in US, value income,
education, occupation } socioeconomic status
-social support or alienation: social networks benefit health vs. exclusion: racism, discrimination,
marginalization, limiting opportunities for: education, leisure activities, & community services
-food: need education of good diet, access to affordable, healthy food but food available (low price,
accessible) to low income families = unhealthy fast food & convenience stores... disadvantage
populations have inadequate/insecure food source, excess calorie intake, unnutritious diet
-housing: homelessness = malnutrition, lack of medical care, drug use, violence... those with a home
have better overall health...but home hazards: lack of clean water & sanitation, asthma triggers: mold &
dust, lead paint, cockroaches, unsafe structural probs
-education: more education = better health
-work: employed = better health, income allows you to get safe housing, food & education to protect
health... get health services if employer gives health insurance...some jobs=hazardous... job satisfaction
& stress affect mental health & physical health... unemployed: anxiety/stress
