Inleiding Sociologie
Bachelor Sociologie
Universiteit Utrecht
Collegejaar 2022/2023
Luca Horstkamp
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist................................................................................................. 4
1.1 The sociological perspective.......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Social problems ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Three aims of sociology ................................................................................................................. 6
1.4 Three types of sociological questions ........................................................................................... 6
1.5 The art of asking good sociological questions ............................................................................... 7
1.6 Sociology and common sense ....................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science.................................................................................................... 8
Hoofdstuk 2: Theories ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Theories and explanation .............................................................................................................. 9
2.3 What are useful sociological theories? ....................................................................................... 10
2.5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Causality ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Conceptual models ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.8 Formal model .............................................................................................................................. 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Methods .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Is your smartphone making you stupid? ..................................................................................... 12
3.2 Measurement quality .................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 External validity ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Internal validity............................................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Exploratory research ................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Qualitative and quantitave methods .......................................................................................... 15
3.7 Case study research..................................................................................................................... 15
3.8 Administrative research .............................................................................................................. 16
3.9 Survey research ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.10 Big data research ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.11 Experimental research............................................................................................................... 17
3.12 Replication ................................................................................................................................. 17
Hoofdstuk 4: Perspectives .................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 The origin of sociological perspectives ........................................................................................ 18
4.2 Sociological themes and topics ................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Causal explaining or subjective understanding? ......................................................................... 20
4.4 Multilevel framework .................................................................................................................. 21
Hoofdstuk 5: Opinions .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy................................................................................................................. 22
2
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
5.3 Conformity ................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 Informational and normative social influence ............................................................................ 24
5.5 Social learning theory .................................................................................................................. 24
5.6 Popularity of cultural products.................................................................................................... 26
5.7 Diffusion of innovations .............................................................................................................. 26
Hoofdstuk 6: Norms .............................................................................................................................. 27
6.1 College binge drinking: a social problem? ................................................................................... 27
6.2 What are social norms? ............................................................................................................... 27
6.3 Social control theory ................................................................................................................... 28
6.4 Internalized norms ...................................................................................................................... 28
6.5 Legal norms ................................................................................................................................. 28
6.6 Why do norms emerge? .............................................................................................................. 29
6.7 Cultural maladaptation and norm change .................................................................................. 30
6.8 The dynamics of group distinction .............................................................................................. 31
3
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist
1.1 The sociological perspective
Individueel perspectief: Een verklaring van menselijk gedrag op basis van individuele gevallen.
Sociologisch perspectief: Een verklaring van menselijk gedrag op basis van sociale fenomenen.
Sociale context: De sociale omgeving/situatie waarin mensen zich begeven en bewegen.
Sociaal fenomeen: Een collectief van menselijk gedrag, denk aan obesitas.
Tabel 1
Individueel perspectief Sociologisch perspectief
Interessegebied Individueel fenomeen / gedrag. Sociaal fenomeen / gedrag.
‘Waarom heeft John obesitas?’ ‘Waarom hebben steeds meer
mensen obesitas?’
Verklaring voor Individuele karaktertrekken Sociale context / oorzaken
gedrag (genen, persoonlijkheid) (afkomst, school, familie)
3 connecties / relaties tussen de perspectieven:
1. Supplementaire perspectieven: Deze theorie beweert dat de perspectieven elkaar aanvullen
en versterken.
2. Alternatieve perspectieven: Deze theorie beweert dat men aan een van de twee
perspectieven voldoende heeft om gedrag te verklaren. Iemand kan bijvoorbeeld claimen dat
alleen sociale oorzaken gedrag volledig kunnen verklaren en dat individuele factoren er niet
toe doen.
3. Proximate en ultimate oorzaken: Een proximate (dichtbij) oorzaak ligt vlak bij het probleem
terwijl een ultimate oorzaak vaak dieper zit en (deels) een proximate oorzaak kan verklaren.
Afbeelding 1: Ultimate & proximate causes
4
Bachelor Sociologie
Universiteit Utrecht
Collegejaar 2022/2023
Luca Horstkamp
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist................................................................................................. 4
1.1 The sociological perspective.......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Social problems ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Three aims of sociology ................................................................................................................. 6
1.4 Three types of sociological questions ........................................................................................... 6
1.5 The art of asking good sociological questions ............................................................................... 7
1.6 Sociology and common sense ....................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science.................................................................................................... 8
Hoofdstuk 2: Theories ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Theories and explanation .............................................................................................................. 9
2.3 What are useful sociological theories? ....................................................................................... 10
2.5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Causality ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Conceptual models ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.8 Formal model .............................................................................................................................. 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Methods .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Is your smartphone making you stupid? ..................................................................................... 12
3.2 Measurement quality .................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 External validity ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Internal validity............................................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Exploratory research ................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Qualitative and quantitave methods .......................................................................................... 15
3.7 Case study research..................................................................................................................... 15
3.8 Administrative research .............................................................................................................. 16
3.9 Survey research ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.10 Big data research ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.11 Experimental research............................................................................................................... 17
3.12 Replication ................................................................................................................................. 17
Hoofdstuk 4: Perspectives .................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 The origin of sociological perspectives ........................................................................................ 18
4.2 Sociological themes and topics ................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Causal explaining or subjective understanding? ......................................................................... 20
4.4 Multilevel framework .................................................................................................................. 21
Hoofdstuk 5: Opinions .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy................................................................................................................. 22
2
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
5.3 Conformity ................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 Informational and normative social influence ............................................................................ 24
5.5 Social learning theory .................................................................................................................. 24
5.6 Popularity of cultural products.................................................................................................... 26
5.7 Diffusion of innovations .............................................................................................................. 26
Hoofdstuk 6: Norms .............................................................................................................................. 27
6.1 College binge drinking: a social problem? ................................................................................... 27
6.2 What are social norms? ............................................................................................................... 27
6.3 Social control theory ................................................................................................................... 28
6.4 Internalized norms ...................................................................................................................... 28
6.5 Legal norms ................................................................................................................................. 28
6.6 Why do norms emerge? .............................................................................................................. 29
6.7 Cultural maladaptation and norm change .................................................................................. 30
6.8 The dynamics of group distinction .............................................................................................. 31
3
, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist
1.1 The sociological perspective
Individueel perspectief: Een verklaring van menselijk gedrag op basis van individuele gevallen.
Sociologisch perspectief: Een verklaring van menselijk gedrag op basis van sociale fenomenen.
Sociale context: De sociale omgeving/situatie waarin mensen zich begeven en bewegen.
Sociaal fenomeen: Een collectief van menselijk gedrag, denk aan obesitas.
Tabel 1
Individueel perspectief Sociologisch perspectief
Interessegebied Individueel fenomeen / gedrag. Sociaal fenomeen / gedrag.
‘Waarom heeft John obesitas?’ ‘Waarom hebben steeds meer
mensen obesitas?’
Verklaring voor Individuele karaktertrekken Sociale context / oorzaken
gedrag (genen, persoonlijkheid) (afkomst, school, familie)
3 connecties / relaties tussen de perspectieven:
1. Supplementaire perspectieven: Deze theorie beweert dat de perspectieven elkaar aanvullen
en versterken.
2. Alternatieve perspectieven: Deze theorie beweert dat men aan een van de twee
perspectieven voldoende heeft om gedrag te verklaren. Iemand kan bijvoorbeeld claimen dat
alleen sociale oorzaken gedrag volledig kunnen verklaren en dat individuele factoren er niet
toe doen.
3. Proximate en ultimate oorzaken: Een proximate (dichtbij) oorzaak ligt vlak bij het probleem
terwijl een ultimate oorzaak vaak dieper zit en (deels) een proximate oorzaak kan verklaren.
Afbeelding 1: Ultimate & proximate causes
4
