BIO421: Botany
1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023
LEC. 1: FORMS OF PLANTS
PLANT STRATEGIES
Evergreen – green leaves throughout the year.
Deciduous – shed their leaves, usually as an
adaptation to a cold or dry/wet season.
Annual/Perennial – a plant can behave as an
annual or a perennial depending on local climatic
and geographic growing conditions.
FORMS OF PLANTS
1. Trees – large, woody plant having
secondary branches on a main stem or
trunk.
PLANT LIFE CYCLE 2. Shrubs or bushes – smaller, woody plant
Annuals - complete their cycles in a single year with multiple stems.
3. Vines – herbaceous or woody plant with a
climbing twinning stem
4. Forbs – herbaceous broad-leaved plant
Biennials – life cycle which lasts two years. often with showy flowers.
5. Grasses - herbaceous plant with slender
blades and inconspicuous flowers
6. Aquatic Plants – generally herbaceous
plant that grows partly wholly in the water.
Scientific name: Ixora coccinea
Common name: Jungle Geranium or Dwarf
Santan
Perennials – life cycle which lasts more than two Growth form: shrub
years.
P.H.G. Clemente – 1MBIO6
, BIO421: Botany
1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023
emits light at a longer wavelength.
LEC. 2: MICROSCOPY This microscope has filters that
1. Brightfield microscope
illuminate the sample with the
- Uses light for illumination wavelength of light that a fluorescent
- Resolution 0.2 μm molecule absorbs, and then only the
light that is emitted by the fluorescent
Standard light microscope molecules is allowed to reach the
(bright field, unstained observer. This technique is often used
sample). Light is passed to label specific cellular proteins, using
directly through a sample, and fluorescent antibodies that bind
the light is focused using specifically to a particular protein. The
glass lenses. Simple, green filaments shown in this
inexpensive, and easy to use micrograph are due to the binding of
but offers little contrast. fluorescently labeled antibody to a
protein called actin that forms
filaments in the cell.
Standard light microscope TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(bright field, stained sample). - Uses an electron beam
Same type of microscope as in
- Resolution 2 nm
part (a) but the cell has been 1. Transmission EM
treated with a stain that
- Resolution: 4-5 Å
selectively binds to certain
regions of the cell. This provides - - 2D image; internal structures
better contrast. observed
- - ultramicrotome needed
2. Scanning EM
2. Phase-contrast - Resolution 100 Å
- 3D image; only external features
As an alternative to staining, observed
this microscope controls the - Ultramicrotome not needed
path of light and amplifies TEM is a unique tool in characterization of materials
differences in the phase of crystal structure and
light transmitted or reflected
by a sample. The dense
structures appear darker
than the background,
thereby improving the
contrast in different parts of
the specimen, can be used
to view living, unstained
cells.
Transmission Electron Microscope
3. Fluorescence
microstructure simultaneously by diffraction and
microscope
imaging techniques.
- Fluorescent molecules
specifically label a particular
type of cellular protein or
organelle. A fluorescent
molecule absorbs light at a
particular wavelength and
P.H.G. Clemente – 1MBIO6
1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023
LEC. 1: FORMS OF PLANTS
PLANT STRATEGIES
Evergreen – green leaves throughout the year.
Deciduous – shed their leaves, usually as an
adaptation to a cold or dry/wet season.
Annual/Perennial – a plant can behave as an
annual or a perennial depending on local climatic
and geographic growing conditions.
FORMS OF PLANTS
1. Trees – large, woody plant having
secondary branches on a main stem or
trunk.
PLANT LIFE CYCLE 2. Shrubs or bushes – smaller, woody plant
Annuals - complete their cycles in a single year with multiple stems.
3. Vines – herbaceous or woody plant with a
climbing twinning stem
4. Forbs – herbaceous broad-leaved plant
Biennials – life cycle which lasts two years. often with showy flowers.
5. Grasses - herbaceous plant with slender
blades and inconspicuous flowers
6. Aquatic Plants – generally herbaceous
plant that grows partly wholly in the water.
Scientific name: Ixora coccinea
Common name: Jungle Geranium or Dwarf
Santan
Perennials – life cycle which lasts more than two Growth form: shrub
years.
P.H.G. Clemente – 1MBIO6
, BIO421: Botany
1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023
emits light at a longer wavelength.
LEC. 2: MICROSCOPY This microscope has filters that
1. Brightfield microscope
illuminate the sample with the
- Uses light for illumination wavelength of light that a fluorescent
- Resolution 0.2 μm molecule absorbs, and then only the
light that is emitted by the fluorescent
Standard light microscope molecules is allowed to reach the
(bright field, unstained observer. This technique is often used
sample). Light is passed to label specific cellular proteins, using
directly through a sample, and fluorescent antibodies that bind
the light is focused using specifically to a particular protein. The
glass lenses. Simple, green filaments shown in this
inexpensive, and easy to use micrograph are due to the binding of
but offers little contrast. fluorescently labeled antibody to a
protein called actin that forms
filaments in the cell.
Standard light microscope TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(bright field, stained sample). - Uses an electron beam
Same type of microscope as in
- Resolution 2 nm
part (a) but the cell has been 1. Transmission EM
treated with a stain that
- Resolution: 4-5 Å
selectively binds to certain
regions of the cell. This provides - - 2D image; internal structures
better contrast. observed
- - ultramicrotome needed
2. Scanning EM
2. Phase-contrast - Resolution 100 Å
- 3D image; only external features
As an alternative to staining, observed
this microscope controls the - Ultramicrotome not needed
path of light and amplifies TEM is a unique tool in characterization of materials
differences in the phase of crystal structure and
light transmitted or reflected
by a sample. The dense
structures appear darker
than the background,
thereby improving the
contrast in different parts of
the specimen, can be used
to view living, unstained
cells.
Transmission Electron Microscope
3. Fluorescence
microstructure simultaneously by diffraction and
microscope
imaging techniques.
- Fluorescent molecules
specifically label a particular
type of cellular protein or
organelle. A fluorescent
molecule absorbs light at a
particular wavelength and
P.H.G. Clemente – 1MBIO6
