National Counselor Examination Study Guide
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation Correct Answer: C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class
Correct Answer: B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above Correct Answer: A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above Correct Answer: A. A client transferring their
relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of
client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above Correct Answer: B. Duty to warn
,Behavior Theory Correct Answer: comes from the idea that all behaviors are
learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and
John B. Watson? Correct Answer: behavior theory
Behavior Therapy Correct Answer: concentrates on the observable behaviors of
a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: Correct Answer: conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? Correct Answer: the
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? Correct Answer: Trained
Classical Conditioning Correct Answer: a process in which a subject comes to
respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued
exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning Correct Answer: a process in which a subject engages in
the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli?
Correct Answer: Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio,
fixed interval, variable interval) Correct Answer: B.F. Skinner - behavioral
theorist
,Continuous reinforcement schedule Correct Answer: reinforcing the desired
response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule Correct Answer: reinforcing a response only
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? Correct
Answer: a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
answer five questions correctly Correct Answer: Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? Correct
Answer: High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine Correct Answer: variable-
ratio
fixed-interval schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes
of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? Correct Answer: fixed-
interval
variable-interval schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... Correct
Answer: variable-interval
, In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
punishment _______________ behavior. Correct Answer: Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? Correct
Answer: Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either
removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior
avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his
name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status
examination? Correct Answer: Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
between 1965 and 1976? Correct Answer: Wanting exciting jobs and keeping
options open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he
was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's
change in behavior following the divorce? Correct Answer: Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? Correct
Answer: Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation,
problem evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of
disorder? Correct Answer: Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions,
observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes
interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what
perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative Correct Answer: C. Experiential
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation Correct Answer: C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class
Correct Answer: B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above Correct Answer: A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above Correct Answer: A. A client transferring their
relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of
client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above Correct Answer: B. Duty to warn
,Behavior Theory Correct Answer: comes from the idea that all behaviors are
learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and
John B. Watson? Correct Answer: behavior theory
Behavior Therapy Correct Answer: concentrates on the observable behaviors of
a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: Correct Answer: conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? Correct Answer: the
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? Correct Answer: Trained
Classical Conditioning Correct Answer: a process in which a subject comes to
respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued
exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning Correct Answer: a process in which a subject engages in
the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli?
Correct Answer: Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio,
fixed interval, variable interval) Correct Answer: B.F. Skinner - behavioral
theorist
,Continuous reinforcement schedule Correct Answer: reinforcing the desired
response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule Correct Answer: reinforcing a response only
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? Correct
Answer: a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
answer five questions correctly Correct Answer: Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? Correct
Answer: High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine Correct Answer: variable-
ratio
fixed-interval schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes
of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? Correct Answer: fixed-
interval
variable-interval schedule Correct Answer: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... Correct
Answer: variable-interval
, In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
punishment _______________ behavior. Correct Answer: Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? Correct
Answer: Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either
removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior
avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his
name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status
examination? Correct Answer: Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
between 1965 and 1976? Correct Answer: Wanting exciting jobs and keeping
options open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he
was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's
change in behavior following the divorce? Correct Answer: Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? Correct
Answer: Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation,
problem evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of
disorder? Correct Answer: Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions,
observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes
interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what
perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative Correct Answer: C. Experiential
