Organic and Biosynthesis summary ( Gigga summariezed) for second year pharmacy students RuG

Biosynthesis part
Lecture 1: Reactions
Learning Goals:
 explain what natural products are (secondary metabolites with beneficial effects to producer,
used by humans in healthcare, agriculture, biotech and chemistry)
 explain the difference between primary and secondary metabolism and how they are linked
 describe what enzymes and biosynthetic pathways are
 recognize that there are fixed building blocks and standard chemical reactions that give rise to
natural products


Caffeine is a neurotoxic to insects!
Cofactors
 Prosthetic group:
o Strong (covalently) bound organic molecule
o Holo and apo
 Coenzyme
o Not covalentlbound
Classes
 Peptide: te recognize by the peptide bond




 Polyketide: has O or OH in this meta shape



 Terpenes C5
 polyphenols
 Alkaloids related to N

,Reactions




Lecture 2: acetate pathway
 describe the reaction types underlying fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis, including the
classes of enzymes and the cofactors needed
o explain similarities and differences between the two compound classes
 recognize and name the type of fatty acid and polyketide molecule based on signature structural
features (e.g., double bonds, ester bonds, aromatic rings, etc.)

,  draw fatty acids based on their numerical symbol or omega nomenclature
 understand the concept of starter and extender building blocks, identify their position within a
chemical structure and name them
 describe the biological relevance of polyunsaturated fatty acids for humans and name examples


Polyketides (general classification)
 C2 units into poly-β-keto chains
 Main reaction: aldol/Claison reaction linear
o CoA is altijd the leaving gourp since it is a thiester
o Acetyl-CoA is the starter, Malonyl CoA is the extender because it s more nucleophilic
o Mechanism
 Loaidng of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl CoA
 Reduce the compound using NADPH 2X
 Water elimination
o Naming of Fat
 Numericalnumber
 You begin by Carboxylic group




 Omega way
 Numbering form the last carbon
 Acetate formation: ring form
Types
Fatty acids
Polyketdides
1. Macrolides
a. Main function: antibiotic
b. Use acetyl and malonyl CoA
c. Lactones




i.
2. Aromatic Compounds
a. Use acetyl and malonyl CoA