Introduction to politics book summary 2023 with complete solution

De jure sovereignty refers to a legal right to rule supremely De facto sovereignty refers to the actual distribu)on of power Totalitarianism is a form of an authoritarian state wherein the state intervenes in all aspects of social and economic life. Pluralism believes that in socie)es, different groups exist and compete. Pluralism thinks that it is the role of the state to mediate and regulate these groups. elite pluralism or democrac elism believes that there are differences in power within the different groups in society but that this is accepted, because these elites s)ll compete with each other. Society is made up of several pyramid formed groups that compete with each other Corporatism where the state uses economic interests to control civil society in a fascist model Neo-corporasm believes that economic elites should be involved in the decision-making processes (government, business and trade unions). Elitism believes that society is ruled by a single, unified and self-conscious elite. The structure is a single pyramid shape. Marxism believes that the group that holds the means of produc)on should be the group that has the economic power. Marx believed that the working class would never gain power through poli)cs. Globalization lead to Cosmopolitanism In general, Western states are strong and states of developing countries are weak. A state can have a low or high capability (size, economy, military) and a low or high autonomy (robustness). Traditional authority tradional customs/values, kings Charismatic authority personal traits of an individual, not very stable. Legal-rational authority system of collectively agreed rules Key components of democracy Parcipaon, there is poli)cal equality and poli)cians are accountable. - Compeon, there are several poli)cal par)es, there are checks and balances and there is a separation of power. - Freedom, there are individual right and liberties: Civil rights, Politcal rights and Social Rights. - Rule of Law, the public and those in power respect the rules and norms of the democratic society. Cosmopolitan democracy says that people in na)on-states are more and more influenced by forces that happen outside the boundaries of their state and those global forces should be controlled by democra)c means Classical liberalism believes that the state should have a limited role and should ensure internal/external security and protect private property. It believes that the market is the most effec)ve way of mee)ng human needs. It also says that it maximizes freedom and is rewarding for people that work hard. (focuses on negative liberty which means that freedom is about removing external constraints. ) New or Social liberalism has a more posi)ve view on the state and believes that it should fix the inequality within the market; thus, crea)ng greater opportuni)es for individuals. (focuses on positive liberty where the state removes obstacles to freedom) New Right is a revised version of classical liberalism. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, socialism divided into two camps, Communism and social democracy. Revoluonary socialism believes that a revolu)on would lead to a socialist state, Marx believed the people would rise on their own, Lenin believed a group of revolu)onaries should take over the state. Evolutionary socialism believes that socialism will be achieved through poli)cal elec)ons. Fasicm is an extreme form of na)onalism and is a product of par)cular poli)cal and historical circumstances. It is anti-Enlightenment and anti-Marxism. It is revolu)onary, but also believes in an organic society. It thinks that the community shapes individuals. This creates a totalitarian state. Fascism favor ac)on above intellect. Anarchism Anarchism believes that the state should be abandoned, people will do what is morally correct. It is an offshoot of socialism and has little influence in modern poli)cs.