factors affecting eñzyme
Enzyme Immobilization:Techniques of immobilization of enzýmes, streptodornase,
kinetics. Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidnse, pepicillinase, streptokinase-ahd
amylases and próteases etc. Immobiliztation of bateria and plant cells
which enhance the rate of biochemical
biological catalysts (biocatalysts)
Enzyme: Enzymes are
to those of uncatalyzed
reactions. They are protein
in
reactions 10° to 10 times which compared tissue
in the cells of a particular
thermolabile and reaction specific. Enzyme produced
nature, colloidal, in cells
cells enzymes whereas enzymes produced
are known as intracellular
and required by the same
extracellular enzymes.
of other tissue(s) are known as
of a particular tissue and used by the cells
some non-protein
that is, the protein is associated with
Many enzymes are conjugated proteins; The active
of an active enzyme is called the apoenzyme.
component called a co-factor. The protein part themselves, the
of the apoenzyme and a co-factor is called the holoenzyme. By
enzyme composed
and co-tactor are inactive.
apoenzyme
Apoenzyme (protein) +Co-factor Holoenzyme (active enzyme)
metal ions and coenzymes.
There are two types of co-factors in enzymes, namely
are called metal-ion activators. Some metal ions required
are Zn*, Mg, Mn
1. Metal ions
Fe", Cu",K* and Na'.
derivatives of the
molecules. Many coenzymes are
2. Coenzymes are organic but nonprotein some
carrier of electrons, certain atom (H)
or
vitamins of B group. Coenzymes appear to function as
functional groups.
Mechanism.of Enzyme Action: with its substrate (substance acted upon)
to form an intermediary
It involves combination of enzyme is
and the free enzyme. The free enzyme
enzyme substrate complex which dissociates to form product
reutilized in the similar manner.
Enzyme Substrate (ES) -> Enzyme (E)
+ Product (P)
Enzyme (E)+ Substrate (S) >
reactions may
reversible in nature. The equilibrium of the
reactions are
Most of the enzyme catalyzed substrates or products in
of the
upon the concentration
be shifted towards either direction depending
the reaction medium.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Kinetics: to the enzyme, an inci ease
in
When a substrate is presentin much higher concentration compared factors
reaction velocity (V) provided other
will proportionately increase the
enzyme concentration to concentration of
Under these conditions, the ES is proportional
affecting V remains unchanged. when [S| is very slow,
increase in V is observed with [E]. However,
enzyme and hence a proportionate
this proportionality does not hold.
that is termed as optimum PH.
maximum in a narrow range of PH
Effect of PH: The activity of enzyme is
PH, the enzyme activity declines.
At other PH value higher or lower than optimurm
Enzyme Optimum PH
2.0
Pepsin
8.0
Trypsin
Urease 7.2- 7.9
Enzyme Immobilization:Techniques of immobilization of enzýmes, streptodornase,
kinetics. Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidnse, pepicillinase, streptokinase-ahd
amylases and próteases etc. Immobiliztation of bateria and plant cells
which enhance the rate of biochemical
biological catalysts (biocatalysts)
Enzyme: Enzymes are
to those of uncatalyzed
reactions. They are protein
in
reactions 10° to 10 times which compared tissue
in the cells of a particular
thermolabile and reaction specific. Enzyme produced
nature, colloidal, in cells
cells enzymes whereas enzymes produced
are known as intracellular
and required by the same
extracellular enzymes.
of other tissue(s) are known as
of a particular tissue and used by the cells
some non-protein
that is, the protein is associated with
Many enzymes are conjugated proteins; The active
of an active enzyme is called the apoenzyme.
component called a co-factor. The protein part themselves, the
of the apoenzyme and a co-factor is called the holoenzyme. By
enzyme composed
and co-tactor are inactive.
apoenzyme
Apoenzyme (protein) +Co-factor Holoenzyme (active enzyme)
metal ions and coenzymes.
There are two types of co-factors in enzymes, namely
are called metal-ion activators. Some metal ions required
are Zn*, Mg, Mn
1. Metal ions
Fe", Cu",K* and Na'.
derivatives of the
molecules. Many coenzymes are
2. Coenzymes are organic but nonprotein some
carrier of electrons, certain atom (H)
or
vitamins of B group. Coenzymes appear to function as
functional groups.
Mechanism.of Enzyme Action: with its substrate (substance acted upon)
to form an intermediary
It involves combination of enzyme is
and the free enzyme. The free enzyme
enzyme substrate complex which dissociates to form product
reutilized in the similar manner.
Enzyme Substrate (ES) -> Enzyme (E)
+ Product (P)
Enzyme (E)+ Substrate (S) >
reactions may
reversible in nature. The equilibrium of the
reactions are
Most of the enzyme catalyzed substrates or products in
of the
upon the concentration
be shifted towards either direction depending
the reaction medium.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Kinetics: to the enzyme, an inci ease
in
When a substrate is presentin much higher concentration compared factors
reaction velocity (V) provided other
will proportionately increase the
enzyme concentration to concentration of
Under these conditions, the ES is proportional
affecting V remains unchanged. when [S| is very slow,
increase in V is observed with [E]. However,
enzyme and hence a proportionate
this proportionality does not hold.
that is termed as optimum PH.
maximum in a narrow range of PH
Effect of PH: The activity of enzyme is
PH, the enzyme activity declines.
At other PH value higher or lower than optimurm
Enzyme Optimum PH
2.0
Pepsin
8.0
Trypsin
Urease 7.2- 7.9
