BIODIVERSITY.
PLANT PHYLA
● Phylum Bryophyta
○ e.g. mosses, liverworts
○ no ‘true’ roots, leaves, or stems
■ instead, are anchored by root-like structures called rhizoids
○ do not display any vascularization
■ no vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via spores
■ released via sporangia (reproductive stalks)
● Phylum Filicinophyta
○ e.g. ferns
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ leaves are pinnate (large fronds divided into leaflets)
○ possess a vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via spores
■ released via sori (clusters) on underside of leaf
● Phylum Coniferophyta
○ e.g. woody twees + shrubs, pine trees, conifers twees <3
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ woody stems
■ waxy, needle-like leaves
○ possess advanced vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via non-motile seeds
■ found/ embedded in structures called cones
● Phylum Angiospermophyta
○ e.g. flowering plants, flowers, grass
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ individual species may be highly variable in structure
○ possess advanced vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via seeds
■ produced in ovules, which are in flowers, seeds, and fruits
, ANIMAL PHYLA
● Phylum Porifera
○ e.g. sea sponges
○ typically asymmetrical
○ no mouth or anus
■ pores facilitate circulation
○ may have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules
■ provide structural support
○ all are sessile aquatic animals (stay fixed in place)
○ reproduce via asexual reproduction (budding, fission)
● Phylum Cnidaria
○ e.g. anemone, coral, sea jelly
○ radial body symmetry
○ have mouth but no anus
■ single entrance cavity
○ may have tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
■ used for capturing and disabling prey
○ corals secrete calcium carbonate skeleton (CaCO3)
● Phylum Platyhelminthes
○ e.g. flatworms, tapeworms, planaria
○ bilateral body symmetry
○ have mouth but no anus
■ single entrance cavity
○ have flattened body shape
■ high SA : volume ratio
■ increases rate of material exchange via diffusion
○ may be parasitic and live within host organisms
● Phylum Annelida
○ e.g. earthworms, leeches, roundworms
○ bilateral body symmetry
○ have a separate mouth and anus
■ connected via gut
○ bodies are composed of ringed, specialised segments
○ move via peristaltic contraction of segments
PLANT PHYLA
● Phylum Bryophyta
○ e.g. mosses, liverworts
○ no ‘true’ roots, leaves, or stems
■ instead, are anchored by root-like structures called rhizoids
○ do not display any vascularization
■ no vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via spores
■ released via sporangia (reproductive stalks)
● Phylum Filicinophyta
○ e.g. ferns
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ leaves are pinnate (large fronds divided into leaflets)
○ possess a vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via spores
■ released via sori (clusters) on underside of leaf
● Phylum Coniferophyta
○ e.g. woody twees + shrubs, pine trees, conifers twees <3
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ woody stems
■ waxy, needle-like leaves
○ possess advanced vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via non-motile seeds
■ found/ embedded in structures called cones
● Phylum Angiospermophyta
○ e.g. flowering plants, flowers, grass
○ have roots, leaves, and stems
■ individual species may be highly variable in structure
○ possess advanced vascular system (xylem + phloem)
○ reproduce via seeds
■ produced in ovules, which are in flowers, seeds, and fruits
, ANIMAL PHYLA
● Phylum Porifera
○ e.g. sea sponges
○ typically asymmetrical
○ no mouth or anus
■ pores facilitate circulation
○ may have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules
■ provide structural support
○ all are sessile aquatic animals (stay fixed in place)
○ reproduce via asexual reproduction (budding, fission)
● Phylum Cnidaria
○ e.g. anemone, coral, sea jelly
○ radial body symmetry
○ have mouth but no anus
■ single entrance cavity
○ may have tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
■ used for capturing and disabling prey
○ corals secrete calcium carbonate skeleton (CaCO3)
● Phylum Platyhelminthes
○ e.g. flatworms, tapeworms, planaria
○ bilateral body symmetry
○ have mouth but no anus
■ single entrance cavity
○ have flattened body shape
■ high SA : volume ratio
■ increases rate of material exchange via diffusion
○ may be parasitic and live within host organisms
● Phylum Annelida
○ e.g. earthworms, leeches, roundworms
○ bilateral body symmetry
○ have a separate mouth and anus
■ connected via gut
○ bodies are composed of ringed, specialised segments
○ move via peristaltic contraction of segments
