BIO201L Lab6 Straighterline

lOMoARcPSD| BIO201L Lab6 Straighterline HUMAN BIOLOGY lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Student Name: Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-3J91DO Pre-Lab Questions: ”1. List the functions of the skeletal system.” The skeletal system supports and protects the body, enable movement, stores nutrients, and produces new blood cells. ” 2. What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone?” Calcium Carbonate and calcium phosphate contribute to the compressive strength of bone” 3. Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling. ” Bones undergo a continual process of remodeling that creates new bones and removes old bones. Experiment 1: Classification of Bones Table 6: Classification of Bones Bone Name Classification by Shape Classification by Location Femur Long Bone Appendicular Frontal Flat Bone Axial Temporal Flat Bone Axial Sternum Flat Bone Axial Vertebrae Irregular Bone Axial Fibula Long Bone Appendicular Ulna Long Bone Appendicular Ribs Flat Bone Axial Humerus Long Bone Appendicular Patella Sesamoid Bone Appendicular Post-Lab Questions ”1. Why is it important to classify bones? ” It is important to classify bones because each bone has a specific function and size. In the case of damage and injury it is important to identify the movement or activity that can be affected. ” 2. Aside from length, what are some other common characteristics of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton? ” lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Long bones are associated with the appendicular skeleton, they provide strength and structure to the body assist to facilitate movement. ” 3. Compare flat bones and long bones. How are they different? How are they the same? ” Flat bones and long bones are both sites for bone marrow. Long bones are associated with the appendicular skeleton and provide strength and support. Flat bones are flat and sometimes curved they protect organs. Experiment 2: Digital Slide Image Examination—Bone Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the arrows in the following digital slide images: ” ”Cortical Bone: ” A- Interstitial lamallae B- Haversian system (osteon) C- Concentric lamallae D- Haversian Canals ”Trabecular Bone: ” A- Trabeculae B- Marrow cavity lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L ”2. Compare and contrast cortical and trabecular bone. ” Cortical and Trabecular bone both provide support and structure to the body, they are produced and maintained by osteocytes. The difference in the two is Cortical bones are more dense and Trabecular bone have more water and calcium contents. ”3. What is the purpose of cortical bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone? ” The purpose of the cortical bone is the smooth white appearance it gives to bone. It is the largest portion of the adult skeleton. The purpose of the Trabecular bone is that it provides strength by providing the porous spongy inner layer of the bone, which also helps the bone to not bend in an unusual way. ”4. What are trabeculae? What is their function? ” Trabeculae are tissue that is found in the bone and functions to provide strength and support to the spongy bone on the ends of the long bone. ”5. What are Haversian systems? What is their function? ” Haversian systems are tubes or tunnels that are found in the cortical bones that have nerves. It allows for oxygenated blood and nutrients to get into the bone. lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Experiment 3: Virtual Model – The Axial Skeleton Insert screenshot of the coccyx: Insert screenshot of the sternum: lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Insert screenshot of the occipital condyle: Insert screenshot of the parietal bone: Post-Lab Questions ”1. What features are located medial to the cranium and the mandible? Identify the category here. How many individual items are included in this category? Hint: The answer is not a bone. The features located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible are the sinus cavities. There are four individual items located in this category. ”2. Why aren’t teeth considered bones?” Teeth are not considered bones since they are covered in enamel and are unable to heal themselves or grow ”3. Identify the two major bones which compose the head. ” The Cranium and the Mandible ”4. To what bone does the right scapula attach? ” The right scapula attaches the Humerus to the clavicle. ”5. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula?” The left clavicle is superior to the right scapula. Experiment 4: Physical Skeleton – The Axial Skeleton Table 12: Cervical Vertebrae Observations lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Vertebral Feature Observations Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region Shape of the vertebral foramen The cervical vertebrae appear to be the smallest of the vertebrae, in comparison to the thoracic a lumbar regions. Triangular Spinous process of the C3 – C6 vertebrae Spinous process of the C7 vertebra Bifid spinous process of C3-C6 vertebrae Spinous process is prevalent, and it sticks out the furthest Table 13: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar Less dense that the cervical and lumbar region region Shape of the vertebral body Unique shape, similar to the heart Appearance and projection direction of the Long and thick spinous process lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Table 14: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region Shape of the vertebral body Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Thickest out of all the other regions, larger and bulkier with a wider width. Oval shape Posterior and curved in down toward the spine. Table 15: Rib Feature Observations Rib Feature Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae (notice the specific rib and vertebra that articulate) Observations Increase in length Decrease in length The head of the ribs fit into depressions on the centrum. Ribs articulate at an angle posterior to point of attachment. Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each. ” 1. Skull- protects the brain, adjusts the position of the head, neck and trunk. 2. Thoracic Cage-protects the heart and lungs and responsible for breathing movements. 3. Vertebral Column-provides mechanical support ”2. On the skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names. ” A- Sphenoid Bone B- Zygomatic Bone C- Mandible Bone D- Frontal lobe E- supraorbital F- Vomer bone lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L ”3. For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their location. ” Bone Facial or Cranial Location Temporal Bones Cranial Skull Mandible Facial Skull Vomer Facial Center of the nasal cavity Zygomatic Bones Facial Below the orbit Parietal Bones Cranial Side and top of skull Ethmoid Bone Cranial Center of skull between the eyes Sphenoid Bone Cranial Center front of the skull Lacrimal Bones Facial Medial wall of the orbit ”4. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. ” Cervical-Concave and dense. Curved, oval and the smallest. Thoracic- medium and a little bigger (heart shape), Lumbar- oval, flat, and is the largest. ”5. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? ” The atlas (C1 vertebrae) allows the head to nod up and down. The axis (C2 vertebrae) and this allows is to rotate our head, looking side to side. ”6. On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure. ” A- Lamina B- Centrum C- Spinous process D- Transverse process E- Vertebral foramen lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L 7. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? ” The purpose of the thoracic cage is to protect the heart and lungs.” 8. Describe the three components of the sternum. ” Manubrium- where the clavicle and first ribs articulate. Body- Forms the front part of the sternum. Xiphoid Process- At the edge of the sternum, easily broken off if pushed too hard. 9. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. ” The true ribs are what are directly attached to the sternum. The false robs are the lower 5 ribs that are not directly attached to the sternum to the ribs above one another. The floating ribs are the last 2 ribs that are not attached at all to the sternum but to the spine. Experiment 5: Virtual Model – The Appendicular Skeleton Insert screenshot of the radius: Insert screenshot of the scapula: lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Insert screenshot of the tarsus: lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Insert screenshot of the patella: Post-Lab Questions ”1. How many left metatarsals are there? ” There are 5 left metatarsals 2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? ” The right fibula is inferior to the patella ”3. Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial? ” The ossa metatarsalia are more medial to the body. ”4. Which two bones attach to the patella? ” The femur and the tibia are attached to the patella. ”5. Identify the three bones which comprise the leg. ” The three bones that compromise the leg is the Femur, Tibia and Fibula. lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Experiment 6: Physical Skeleton – The Appendicular Skeleton Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?” Upper extremities- 1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Arm 3. Forearm 4. Hand. Lower Extremities- 1. Pelvic Girdle 2. Thigh 3. Leg 4. Foot ”2. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton. ” The lower extremities are larger in size than the upper extremities. They are both free to move and connected at their respective girdles. They both contain 1 bone in the superior part of the arm and leg and 2 bones on the inferior part of the arm and leg. The upper extremities are evolved to use more dexterity than our lower extremities. The lower extremities are designed to hold more weight and not as flexible. ”3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relationship to one another? ” The ischium, ileum and the pubis bone make up the pelvic girdle. They are all part of the appendicular structure. Experiment 7: Articulations Post-Lab Questions ”1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? ” Joints can be classified by their structure and/or their function. 1. Structure-fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. 2. Function- synathroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. ”2. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. ” Sutures are strong joints with two elements and have little to no connective tissue and are moveable. (Coronal sutures, and lambdoid sutures.) Syndesmoses are joints that are joined by small amounts of dense fibrous connective tissues. (Distal tibia, and fibular joint) ”3. A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? ” They are Cartilaginous. They are different in the way they are made up. Symphysis bones are connected with a disk of fibrocartilage. Synchondroes are connected with a plate of hyaline cartilage. ”4. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic? ” The synovial fluid allows synovial joints to be diarthritic. ”5. For the following, match the correct synovial joint to the movement it produces. ” ”Pivot Joint” ”Gliding Joint” ”Ball and Socket Joint” ”Condyloid Joint” lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L ”Saddle Joint” ”Hinge Joint” Joint Articulating Bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement Elbow Humerus, Ulna, and Hinge Joint Flexion and Radius Extension Knee Femur and Tibia Hinge Joint Flexion and Extension Flexion, Extension, Hip Pelvic Bone and Ball and Socket Joint Abduction, Femur Adduction, and rotation Tibia, Fibula, and Flexion, Abduction, Ankle Gliding Adduction, and Talus rotation Radius and Proximal Flexion, Extension, Wrist Condyloid Joint Abduction, and Carpal Bones Adduction Experiment 11: Skeletal System of the Fetal Pig Table 31: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region Observations Axial Skeleton consists of the skull, sternum, ribs and vertebral column on a smaller scale. Facial bones are elongated at the mouth. Axial Skeleton Skull is more oval than humans. There is a tail at the caudal end of the vertebrae. The bones in the legs are identical, they have hooves. Joints in Appendicular Skeleton extremities are similar. Pelvic bone I elongated away from the body. Most joints appear to be similar in the skeletal system on a smaller Joints scale. The arm and legs have a hinge like motion. lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? ” The major differences are the hooves, the snout and the tail that are not present in humans. The joints and bones of the fetal pig skeletal system appear to be similar. ”Insert photo of pig in dissection tray with your name and access code clearly visible in the background: ” lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L lOMoARcPSD| Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L