International Public Health: Summary book
Chapter 1: The principles and goals of global health
Selected progress in global health
Global life expectancy increased 37% from 1960 to 2016
The rate of child mortality fell 62% from 1990 to 2016
Nearly 3 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, with only 33 cases of wild
poliovirus cases reported in 2017
There were 44% fewer maternal deaths in 2015 than in 1990
Fifty-three million tuberculosis deaths were averted from 2000 to 2016 trough successful
diagnosis and treatment
There were 900.000 fewer deaths due to HIV/AIDS in 2016 compared to 2005
The number of guinea worm cases had decreased over 99.9% from 3.5 million in 1986 to
30 in 2017
The global prevalence to tobacco smoking decreased from 24% in 2007 to 21% 2015,
despite population growth.
Selected progress in global health
There were 5.6 million under-5 child deaths in 2016
Almost half of all under-5 deaths are related to malnutrition
There were 435.000 malaria deaths in 2017
1.3 million HIV-negative people died from tuberculosis in 2017, in addition to 300.000
people with HIV
1.8 million people became infected with HIV in 2017
In 2017, there were 940.000 deaths caused by AIDS
There were 303.000 maternal deaths in 2015
Approximately 1 billion people are infected with roundworm
The prevalence of diabetes had doubled since 1980
Health
Is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
Public health
The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health
and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts towards a sanitary
environment; the control of community infections; the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing service for the early
diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the development of the social machinery to ensure
to every individua in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of
health.
The biggest difference between the medical approach and the public health approach is the
focus in the public health on the health of the populations rather than in the health of
individuals.
,Epidemiology focusses on studying patterns and causes of disease in specific populations and
the application of this information to controlling health problems.
Global health
Implies a global perspective on public health problems. It suggests issues that people face in
common, such as the impact of a growing and aging worldwide population on health or the
potential risks of climate change to health. The topic also related in important ways to
problems that require cooperative action. An important part of global health also covers the
growing problem everywhere of noncommunicable diseases, as well as the ‘unfinished
agenda’ of the health needs of the poor in low0income countries.
One health and planetary health
One health is the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and
globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
Planetary health is the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing,
and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human system -political, economic,
and social- that shape the future of humanity and the earth’s natural systems that define the
safe environmental limits within which humanity cab flourish. Put simply, planetary health is
the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends.
Critical global health concepts
The determinants and social determinants of health
The key risk factors for different health conditions
The global burden of disease
The measurement of health status
The demographic and epidemiologic transitions
The organization and functions of health systems
Links among health, education, development, poverty, and equity
,Key health issues
Environmental health
Nutrition
Reproductive health
The health of children, adolescents, and you adults
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases
Injuries
World bank regions
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
North America
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups, based on estimates of their
gross national income (GNI) per capita:
Low-income economies
Lower middle-income economies
Upper middle-income economies
High-income economies
For the World Bank’s 2019 fiscal year, country income groups are defined as follows:
Low-income economies: GNI per capita of $995 or less in 2017
Lower middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $996 and $3895
Upper middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $3896 and $12055
High-income economies: GNI per capita of $12056 or more
WHO regions
Africa
The Americas
Southeast Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
, The sustainable development goals
Targets of sustainable development goal 3
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicable diseases.
By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases
through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug
abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programs.
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality
essential healthcare and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential
medicines and vaccines for all.
By 2030, substantial reduce the number of death and illnesses from hazardous chemicals
and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework
Conception on Tobacco Control in all countries.
Substantially increase health financing.
Strengthen the capacity of all countries.
Chapter 1: The principles and goals of global health
Selected progress in global health
Global life expectancy increased 37% from 1960 to 2016
The rate of child mortality fell 62% from 1990 to 2016
Nearly 3 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, with only 33 cases of wild
poliovirus cases reported in 2017
There were 44% fewer maternal deaths in 2015 than in 1990
Fifty-three million tuberculosis deaths were averted from 2000 to 2016 trough successful
diagnosis and treatment
There were 900.000 fewer deaths due to HIV/AIDS in 2016 compared to 2005
The number of guinea worm cases had decreased over 99.9% from 3.5 million in 1986 to
30 in 2017
The global prevalence to tobacco smoking decreased from 24% in 2007 to 21% 2015,
despite population growth.
Selected progress in global health
There were 5.6 million under-5 child deaths in 2016
Almost half of all under-5 deaths are related to malnutrition
There were 435.000 malaria deaths in 2017
1.3 million HIV-negative people died from tuberculosis in 2017, in addition to 300.000
people with HIV
1.8 million people became infected with HIV in 2017
In 2017, there were 940.000 deaths caused by AIDS
There were 303.000 maternal deaths in 2015
Approximately 1 billion people are infected with roundworm
The prevalence of diabetes had doubled since 1980
Health
Is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
Public health
The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health
and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts towards a sanitary
environment; the control of community infections; the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing service for the early
diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the development of the social machinery to ensure
to every individua in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of
health.
The biggest difference between the medical approach and the public health approach is the
focus in the public health on the health of the populations rather than in the health of
individuals.
,Epidemiology focusses on studying patterns and causes of disease in specific populations and
the application of this information to controlling health problems.
Global health
Implies a global perspective on public health problems. It suggests issues that people face in
common, such as the impact of a growing and aging worldwide population on health or the
potential risks of climate change to health. The topic also related in important ways to
problems that require cooperative action. An important part of global health also covers the
growing problem everywhere of noncommunicable diseases, as well as the ‘unfinished
agenda’ of the health needs of the poor in low0income countries.
One health and planetary health
One health is the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and
globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
Planetary health is the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing,
and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human system -political, economic,
and social- that shape the future of humanity and the earth’s natural systems that define the
safe environmental limits within which humanity cab flourish. Put simply, planetary health is
the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends.
Critical global health concepts
The determinants and social determinants of health
The key risk factors for different health conditions
The global burden of disease
The measurement of health status
The demographic and epidemiologic transitions
The organization and functions of health systems
Links among health, education, development, poverty, and equity
,Key health issues
Environmental health
Nutrition
Reproductive health
The health of children, adolescents, and you adults
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases
Injuries
World bank regions
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
North America
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups, based on estimates of their
gross national income (GNI) per capita:
Low-income economies
Lower middle-income economies
Upper middle-income economies
High-income economies
For the World Bank’s 2019 fiscal year, country income groups are defined as follows:
Low-income economies: GNI per capita of $995 or less in 2017
Lower middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $996 and $3895
Upper middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $3896 and $12055
High-income economies: GNI per capita of $12056 or more
WHO regions
Africa
The Americas
Southeast Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
, The sustainable development goals
Targets of sustainable development goal 3
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicable diseases.
By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases
through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug
abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programs.
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality
essential healthcare and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential
medicines and vaccines for all.
By 2030, substantial reduce the number of death and illnesses from hazardous chemicals
and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework
Conception on Tobacco Control in all countries.
Substantially increase health financing.
Strengthen the capacity of all countries.
