OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduction to operating system
Table of content
1. Operating system terminologies
2. History of operating system
3. Operating system structure
4. Operating system type
5. Function of operating system
1. Operating System Terminologies.
1. Operating System (OS): The software that manages computer hardware and provides
services for computer programs.
2. Kernel: The core component of an operating system that manages system resources and
provides essential services.
3. GUI (Graphical User Interface): A user interface that uses graphical elements like icons and
windows to interact with the computer.
4. CLI (Command Line Interface): A text-based interface that allows users to interact with the
computer by typing commands.
5. Shell: A program that provides the user interface for accessing the operating system's
services through the command line.
6. File System: A method for organizing and storing files on a computer's storage devices.
7. Multitasking: The ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks or processes
concurrently.
8. Multithreading: The ability of a program or process to have multiple threads (smaller units
of execution) running within it.
9. Process: A program in execution, including all the resources it needs to run.
10. Thread: A single sequence of execution within a process.
11. Virtual Memory: A technique that allows an operating system to use a portion of the hard
disk as an extension of RAM.
, 12. Paging: A memory management technique that allows the movement of data between RAM
and disk in fixed-size blocks called pages.
13. Segmentation: A memory management technique that divides the program into logical
segments or blocks.
14. Deadlock: A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is
waiting for the other to release a resource.
15. Semaphore: A synchronization tool used for controlling access to shared resources in a
concurrent environment.
16. Device Driver: Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware
devices.
17. Interrupt: A signal sent by a hardware or software event that interrupts the normal flow of a
program's execution.
18. Booting: The process of starting a computer system, during which the operating system is
loaded into memory.
19. File Extension: A suffix added to the end of a filename to indicate the file's type or format.
20. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Firmware that initializes hardware during the boot
process and provides a basic interface for operating systems.
21. API (Application Programming Interface): A set of functions and protocols that allow
applications to interact with the operating system.
22. Firmware: Software stored on hardware devices, providing low-level control over the
device's functionality.
23. Virtualization: The creation of virtual versions of computing resources, such as virtual
machines or virtual memory.
24. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): A method of combining multiple disk
drives into a single logical unit to enhance data protection and performance.
25. Patch: A software update that addresses security vulnerabilities or bug fixes.
2. History of operating system.
Introduction to operating system
Table of content
1. Operating system terminologies
2. History of operating system
3. Operating system structure
4. Operating system type
5. Function of operating system
1. Operating System Terminologies.
1. Operating System (OS): The software that manages computer hardware and provides
services for computer programs.
2. Kernel: The core component of an operating system that manages system resources and
provides essential services.
3. GUI (Graphical User Interface): A user interface that uses graphical elements like icons and
windows to interact with the computer.
4. CLI (Command Line Interface): A text-based interface that allows users to interact with the
computer by typing commands.
5. Shell: A program that provides the user interface for accessing the operating system's
services through the command line.
6. File System: A method for organizing and storing files on a computer's storage devices.
7. Multitasking: The ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks or processes
concurrently.
8. Multithreading: The ability of a program or process to have multiple threads (smaller units
of execution) running within it.
9. Process: A program in execution, including all the resources it needs to run.
10. Thread: A single sequence of execution within a process.
11. Virtual Memory: A technique that allows an operating system to use a portion of the hard
disk as an extension of RAM.
, 12. Paging: A memory management technique that allows the movement of data between RAM
and disk in fixed-size blocks called pages.
13. Segmentation: A memory management technique that divides the program into logical
segments or blocks.
14. Deadlock: A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is
waiting for the other to release a resource.
15. Semaphore: A synchronization tool used for controlling access to shared resources in a
concurrent environment.
16. Device Driver: Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware
devices.
17. Interrupt: A signal sent by a hardware or software event that interrupts the normal flow of a
program's execution.
18. Booting: The process of starting a computer system, during which the operating system is
loaded into memory.
19. File Extension: A suffix added to the end of a filename to indicate the file's type or format.
20. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Firmware that initializes hardware during the boot
process and provides a basic interface for operating systems.
21. API (Application Programming Interface): A set of functions and protocols that allow
applications to interact with the operating system.
22. Firmware: Software stored on hardware devices, providing low-level control over the
device's functionality.
23. Virtualization: The creation of virtual versions of computing resources, such as virtual
machines or virtual memory.
24. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): A method of combining multiple disk
drives into a single logical unit to enhance data protection and performance.
25. Patch: A software update that addresses security vulnerabilities or bug fixes.
2. History of operating system.
