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EXAM MN 551 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
EXAM Questions AND Answers Grade A
nursing (Chamberlain University)
, EXAM MN 551 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADE A+
Do women or men more often have multiple sclerosis? - ANSWERS IS-
Women (2-3:1)
Which disease has the following risk factors:
-Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
-Live above the 37th parallel
-Caucasian
-Female
-Vitamin D deficiency: Decreased time between clinical isolated
syndrome (CIS) and 2nd exacerbation
-Smoking - ANSWERS IS- Multiple Sclerosis
What is the main pathophysiological theory for multiple sclerosis? -
ANSWERS IS- It's an autoimmune/neurodegenerative disease:
-inflammation
-demyelination/remyelination
-permanent axonal damage
What are the Myelin forming cells of the CNS? - ANSWERS IS-
Oligodendrocytes
What do T-Helper cell types 1 & 17 do? - ANSWERS IS- Pro-inflammatory
What does T-Helper cell type 2 do? - ANSWERS IS- Anti-inflammatory
What is the pathophysiology of Multple Sclerosis? - ANSWERS IS- 1.
Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, aka α4-integrin)
on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP).
2. VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the
blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB,
allowing cell entry into the CNS.
3. Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and
Osteopontin [OP])
are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS.
4. T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages
to produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.
5. B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific
antibodies that form membrane attack complexes with complement
causing cell lysis.
Which disease presents in the following way:
**Visual changes, optic neuritis (Often the 1st sign/symptom)
,-Paresthesias
, -Gait issues/falls
-Foot drop
-Dysdiadochokinesia
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Impaired coordination
-Cognitive changes
MRI:
***Gadolinium enhanced lesions
LUMBAR PUNCTURE TEST:
-Increased IgG
-Increased Myelin basic protein (MBP)
-Increased CSF protein - ANSWERS IS- Multiple Sclerosis
Which cognitive test is most commonly used to diagnose MS? - ANSWERS IS-
Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
What is the primary diagnostic test for MS? - ANSWERS IS- MRI with or
without contrast
What is the most common type of MS, which is involves episodes of acute
worsening with some recovery and no progression in between
exacerbations? - ANSWERS IS- Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS)
What type of MS can develop from RRMS, have a steady progression of the
disease in between exacerbations, and present with more black holes and
brain atrophy? - ANSWERS IS- Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS)
What type of MS is the least common, it doesn't develop from RRMS and is
the progressive worsening of the disease from the start, lacking recovery
times? - ANSWERS IS- Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)
What is the prognosis (good or bad) for someone with MS who is:
- under 40 years old
-Female
-First sign/symptom is optic neuritis/sensory issues
-Low exacerbation frequency
-RRMS
-Single lesion - ANSWERS IS- Good prognosis
What is the prognosis (good or bad) for someone with MS who is:
- over 40 years old
-Male
-First sign/symptom is motor or cerebellar
EXAM MN 551 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
EXAM Questions AND Answers Grade A
nursing (Chamberlain University)
, EXAM MN 551 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADE A+
Do women or men more often have multiple sclerosis? - ANSWERS IS-
Women (2-3:1)
Which disease has the following risk factors:
-Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
-Live above the 37th parallel
-Caucasian
-Female
-Vitamin D deficiency: Decreased time between clinical isolated
syndrome (CIS) and 2nd exacerbation
-Smoking - ANSWERS IS- Multiple Sclerosis
What is the main pathophysiological theory for multiple sclerosis? -
ANSWERS IS- It's an autoimmune/neurodegenerative disease:
-inflammation
-demyelination/remyelination
-permanent axonal damage
What are the Myelin forming cells of the CNS? - ANSWERS IS-
Oligodendrocytes
What do T-Helper cell types 1 & 17 do? - ANSWERS IS- Pro-inflammatory
What does T-Helper cell type 2 do? - ANSWERS IS- Anti-inflammatory
What is the pathophysiology of Multple Sclerosis? - ANSWERS IS- 1.
Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, aka α4-integrin)
on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP).
2. VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the
blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB,
allowing cell entry into the CNS.
3. Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and
Osteopontin [OP])
are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS.
4. T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages
to produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.
5. B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific
antibodies that form membrane attack complexes with complement
causing cell lysis.
Which disease presents in the following way:
**Visual changes, optic neuritis (Often the 1st sign/symptom)
,-Paresthesias
, -Gait issues/falls
-Foot drop
-Dysdiadochokinesia
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Impaired coordination
-Cognitive changes
MRI:
***Gadolinium enhanced lesions
LUMBAR PUNCTURE TEST:
-Increased IgG
-Increased Myelin basic protein (MBP)
-Increased CSF protein - ANSWERS IS- Multiple Sclerosis
Which cognitive test is most commonly used to diagnose MS? - ANSWERS IS-
Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
What is the primary diagnostic test for MS? - ANSWERS IS- MRI with or
without contrast
What is the most common type of MS, which is involves episodes of acute
worsening with some recovery and no progression in between
exacerbations? - ANSWERS IS- Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS)
What type of MS can develop from RRMS, have a steady progression of the
disease in between exacerbations, and present with more black holes and
brain atrophy? - ANSWERS IS- Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS)
What type of MS is the least common, it doesn't develop from RRMS and is
the progressive worsening of the disease from the start, lacking recovery
times? - ANSWERS IS- Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)
What is the prognosis (good or bad) for someone with MS who is:
- under 40 years old
-Female
-First sign/symptom is optic neuritis/sensory issues
-Low exacerbation frequency
-RRMS
-Single lesion - ANSWERS IS- Good prognosis
What is the prognosis (good or bad) for someone with MS who is:
- over 40 years old
-Male
-First sign/symptom is motor or cerebellar
