European Law
International
Business
,Table of Contents
Chapter 2: European Law...........................................................................................................3
Chapter 3: European Law: The 4 Freedoms.............................................................................12
3.1 Introduction:....................................................................................................................12
3.2 The free movement of goods, Articles 28 – 30 TFEU:...................................................13
3.2.1 Prohibition of customs duties between Member States, Articles 28 – 30:...............13
Article 28 TEFEU establishes a customs union between the 28 – 30 TFEU:...................13
3.2.2 Prohibition of fiscal discrimination, Article 110 TFEU:.........................................14
3.2.3 Quantitative restrictions on imports:........................................................................16
3.2.4. Justifications for restrictions on imports, Article 36 TFEU:...................................16
3.2.5 Court of Justice case law (rule of reason):...............................................................18
3.2.7 Export barriers:........................................................................................................22
3.2.8 Harmonization of legislation:...................................................................................22
3.3. The free movement of persons, Articles 45 – 55 TFEU:...............................................23
3.3.2 Exceptions to free movement of persons:................................................................23
3.3.2.1 Employment in public service or exercising public authority:.............................24
3.3.2.2 Restrictions based on public security, public policy or public health:..................24
3.3.3 Current issue:...........................................................................................................25
3.4 The free movement of services, Articles 56 – 62 TFEU:...............................................26
3.4.1 Freedom to provide services:...................................................................................26
3.4.2 Freedom of establishment:.......................................................................................28
3.4.3 Main barriers to freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services:.........28
3.4.3. Establishment and residence requirements:............................................................28
3.4.3.2 Nationality requirements:......................................................................................28
3.5. The free movement of capital, Articles 63 – 66 TFEU:.................................................28
Chapter 4: Competition law......................................................................................................31
4.1 Introduction:....................................................................................................................31
4.2 Agreements distorting, preventing or restricting competition, Article 101 TFEU:........31
4.2.1 Agreement:...............................................................................................................31
4.2.2 Undertaking:.............................................................................................................32
4.2.3 Decisions by associations of undertakings:..............................................................32
4.2.4 Concerted practices:.................................................................................................32
4.2.5 May affect trade between Member States:...............................................................32
4.2.6 Object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition:................33
4.2.7 Exemptions from Article 101 under 1 TFEU:.........................................................34
1
, 4.2.8 Punishment for taking part in cartel:........................................................................35
4.3 Abuse of dominant position, Article 102 TFEU:............................................................35
4.3.1 Dominant position:...................................................................................................35
4.3.2 Abuse of dominant position:....................................................................................37
4.3.2.1 Exploitative practice:............................................................................................38
4.3.2.2 Exclusionary practice:...........................................................................................38
4.4. Merger control:..............................................................................................................39
4.5 State aid, Article 107 TFEU:...........................................................................................41
2
, Chapter 2: European Law
What is a treaty?
Een overeenkomst, verdrag.
What are the main sources of international trade law?
Treaties
European law
Rules made by private international entities
National law
Court decisions.
TFEU: The Treaty on the functioning of the European Union is:
This is the legal basis for the European law and contains provisions of the free
movement of workers. The TFEU and the treaty on the European Union (TEU)
form the basis of the European Union.
Article 45:
Agreements, distorting and preventing or restricting competition.
Article 101:
TFEU, abuse of dominant position.
Article 102, 107 and 109:
The granting of State aid.
The main points in the treaty on European Union are:
The principles and values of the European union
The main objectives of the European union
The roles of the main institutions in the European union
The rules of the common foreign and security policy.
Describe the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR):
The ECtHR is based in Strasbourg and handles infringements (overtredingen)
regarding the fundamental rights enshrined (verankerd) in the European
Convention of Human Rights. The ECtHR secures to resident of the signatory
States fundamental rights such as the right to a fair trail and the right to family
life. It also prohibits inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The ECHR
has been signed by more countries than just the Member States of the European
Union, such as Turkey and Russia, whom are not a member of the EU.
Describe the European Court of Justice (ECJ):
The ECJ is based in Luxembourg and ensures the correct interpretation of
European law (the TFEU, directives, regulations).
3
International
Business
,Table of Contents
Chapter 2: European Law...........................................................................................................3
Chapter 3: European Law: The 4 Freedoms.............................................................................12
3.1 Introduction:....................................................................................................................12
3.2 The free movement of goods, Articles 28 – 30 TFEU:...................................................13
3.2.1 Prohibition of customs duties between Member States, Articles 28 – 30:...............13
Article 28 TEFEU establishes a customs union between the 28 – 30 TFEU:...................13
3.2.2 Prohibition of fiscal discrimination, Article 110 TFEU:.........................................14
3.2.3 Quantitative restrictions on imports:........................................................................16
3.2.4. Justifications for restrictions on imports, Article 36 TFEU:...................................16
3.2.5 Court of Justice case law (rule of reason):...............................................................18
3.2.7 Export barriers:........................................................................................................22
3.2.8 Harmonization of legislation:...................................................................................22
3.3. The free movement of persons, Articles 45 – 55 TFEU:...............................................23
3.3.2 Exceptions to free movement of persons:................................................................23
3.3.2.1 Employment in public service or exercising public authority:.............................24
3.3.2.2 Restrictions based on public security, public policy or public health:..................24
3.3.3 Current issue:...........................................................................................................25
3.4 The free movement of services, Articles 56 – 62 TFEU:...............................................26
3.4.1 Freedom to provide services:...................................................................................26
3.4.2 Freedom of establishment:.......................................................................................28
3.4.3 Main barriers to freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services:.........28
3.4.3. Establishment and residence requirements:............................................................28
3.4.3.2 Nationality requirements:......................................................................................28
3.5. The free movement of capital, Articles 63 – 66 TFEU:.................................................28
Chapter 4: Competition law......................................................................................................31
4.1 Introduction:....................................................................................................................31
4.2 Agreements distorting, preventing or restricting competition, Article 101 TFEU:........31
4.2.1 Agreement:...............................................................................................................31
4.2.2 Undertaking:.............................................................................................................32
4.2.3 Decisions by associations of undertakings:..............................................................32
4.2.4 Concerted practices:.................................................................................................32
4.2.5 May affect trade between Member States:...............................................................32
4.2.6 Object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition:................33
4.2.7 Exemptions from Article 101 under 1 TFEU:.........................................................34
1
, 4.2.8 Punishment for taking part in cartel:........................................................................35
4.3 Abuse of dominant position, Article 102 TFEU:............................................................35
4.3.1 Dominant position:...................................................................................................35
4.3.2 Abuse of dominant position:....................................................................................37
4.3.2.1 Exploitative practice:............................................................................................38
4.3.2.2 Exclusionary practice:...........................................................................................38
4.4. Merger control:..............................................................................................................39
4.5 State aid, Article 107 TFEU:...........................................................................................41
2
, Chapter 2: European Law
What is a treaty?
Een overeenkomst, verdrag.
What are the main sources of international trade law?
Treaties
European law
Rules made by private international entities
National law
Court decisions.
TFEU: The Treaty on the functioning of the European Union is:
This is the legal basis for the European law and contains provisions of the free
movement of workers. The TFEU and the treaty on the European Union (TEU)
form the basis of the European Union.
Article 45:
Agreements, distorting and preventing or restricting competition.
Article 101:
TFEU, abuse of dominant position.
Article 102, 107 and 109:
The granting of State aid.
The main points in the treaty on European Union are:
The principles and values of the European union
The main objectives of the European union
The roles of the main institutions in the European union
The rules of the common foreign and security policy.
Describe the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR):
The ECtHR is based in Strasbourg and handles infringements (overtredingen)
regarding the fundamental rights enshrined (verankerd) in the European
Convention of Human Rights. The ECtHR secures to resident of the signatory
States fundamental rights such as the right to a fair trail and the right to family
life. It also prohibits inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The ECHR
has been signed by more countries than just the Member States of the European
Union, such as Turkey and Russia, whom are not a member of the EU.
Describe the European Court of Justice (ECJ):
The ECJ is based in Luxembourg and ensures the correct interpretation of
European law (the TFEU, directives, regulations).
3
