CLASS DIFFERENCES
PEELE 1: LINGUISTIC SKILLS
P – Language used in working-class homes puts pupils at a disadvantage
E – Bereiter and Engelmann, Bourdieu, Bernstein
E – Feinstein = By 22 months old, w/c children are already behind the m/c
E – Troyna and Williams = teachers have a speech hierarchy, it is not the fault of the students and the
language barrier.
PEELE 2: PARENTS’ EDUCATION
P – Feinstein = A parents education is the most important factor that affects achievement.
E – Douglas study found w/c parents place less emphasis on education.
E – Bernstein and Young argue that m/c mothers are more likely to use income on educational toys.
E – Keddie and the cultural deprivation myth.
PEELE 3: LABELLING
P – Teachers negative labelling of students negatively affects their academic performance.
E – Becker study of 60 High School Chicago Teachers and their radicalised expectations.
E – Rosenthal and Jacobson spurters study.
E – Fuller’s study of the Black girls rejecting their negative labels.
PEELE 4: SETTING AND STREAMING
P – The setting and streaming of pupils favours the middle-class.
E – Gillborn and Youdell study of 2 London schools found teachers saw w/c as less likely to have
ability.
E – Douglas found that children placed in a lower stream at age 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ
score by age 11.
E – Marxists argue that capitalism is the main cause of inequality.
PEELE 5: PUPIL SUBCULTURES
P – The influence of peers has a major impact on class achievement.
E – Hargreaves ‘worthless louts’ study
E – Ball argues that if you abolish the conditions for them to form there will be no subcultures.
, ETHNIC DIFFERENCES
PEELE 1: PUPIL SUBCULTURES
P – Anti-School subculture negatively effects Black pupils achievement
E – Sewell argues that Black boys are more susceptible to anti-school peer pressure.
E – Hargreaves and Lacey white worthless louts study.
E – Fuller
PEELE 2: SETTING AND STREAMING
P – Gillborn and Youdell = teachers stream ethnic minority pupils into lower sets and exam tiers
E – League tables
E – Sewell = a lack of Black representation isn’t enough to cause low achievement
PEELE 3: ETHNOCENTRIC CURRICULUM
P – Institutional causes and ethnic differences
E – Maureen Stone argues that curriculum is specifically British
E- Ball, Coard, Cecile Wright
E – Miriam David argues that Black pupils do not suffer low self -esteem
PEELE 4: LINGUISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL SKILLS
P – Bereiter and Engelmann argue that the language used in African American
E – Bernstein, Bourdieu
E – Gillborn and Mirza – Indian’s perform well
PEELE 5: FAMILY STRUCTURE
P – Dysfunctional family structure
E – Moynihan – lone mother
E – Sewell and Pryce – racism and role models
E – Doesn’t explain why Black Caribbean do better than Gypsy Roma
PEELE 1: LINGUISTIC SKILLS
P – Language used in working-class homes puts pupils at a disadvantage
E – Bereiter and Engelmann, Bourdieu, Bernstein
E – Feinstein = By 22 months old, w/c children are already behind the m/c
E – Troyna and Williams = teachers have a speech hierarchy, it is not the fault of the students and the
language barrier.
PEELE 2: PARENTS’ EDUCATION
P – Feinstein = A parents education is the most important factor that affects achievement.
E – Douglas study found w/c parents place less emphasis on education.
E – Bernstein and Young argue that m/c mothers are more likely to use income on educational toys.
E – Keddie and the cultural deprivation myth.
PEELE 3: LABELLING
P – Teachers negative labelling of students negatively affects their academic performance.
E – Becker study of 60 High School Chicago Teachers and their radicalised expectations.
E – Rosenthal and Jacobson spurters study.
E – Fuller’s study of the Black girls rejecting their negative labels.
PEELE 4: SETTING AND STREAMING
P – The setting and streaming of pupils favours the middle-class.
E – Gillborn and Youdell study of 2 London schools found teachers saw w/c as less likely to have
ability.
E – Douglas found that children placed in a lower stream at age 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ
score by age 11.
E – Marxists argue that capitalism is the main cause of inequality.
PEELE 5: PUPIL SUBCULTURES
P – The influence of peers has a major impact on class achievement.
E – Hargreaves ‘worthless louts’ study
E – Ball argues that if you abolish the conditions for them to form there will be no subcultures.
, ETHNIC DIFFERENCES
PEELE 1: PUPIL SUBCULTURES
P – Anti-School subculture negatively effects Black pupils achievement
E – Sewell argues that Black boys are more susceptible to anti-school peer pressure.
E – Hargreaves and Lacey white worthless louts study.
E – Fuller
PEELE 2: SETTING AND STREAMING
P – Gillborn and Youdell = teachers stream ethnic minority pupils into lower sets and exam tiers
E – League tables
E – Sewell = a lack of Black representation isn’t enough to cause low achievement
PEELE 3: ETHNOCENTRIC CURRICULUM
P – Institutional causes and ethnic differences
E – Maureen Stone argues that curriculum is specifically British
E- Ball, Coard, Cecile Wright
E – Miriam David argues that Black pupils do not suffer low self -esteem
PEELE 4: LINGUISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL SKILLS
P – Bereiter and Engelmann argue that the language used in African American
E – Bernstein, Bourdieu
E – Gillborn and Mirza – Indian’s perform well
PEELE 5: FAMILY STRUCTURE
P – Dysfunctional family structure
E – Moynihan – lone mother
E – Sewell and Pryce – racism and role models
E – Doesn’t explain why Black Caribbean do better than Gypsy Roma
