NURS 611 EXAM 3 PATHO 2 LATEST VERSIONS ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE 300+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)

NURS 611 EXAM 3 PATHO 2 LATEST VERSIONS ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE 300+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY) when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone? a.Pharmacologic c.Synergistic b.Permissive d.Direct - ANSWER D Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the described effect. . Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of: a.Positive feedback c.Neural regulation b.Negative feedback d.Physiologic regulation - ANSWER B Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not accurately identified by any of the other options. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located: a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane c.Inside the mitochondria d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER A Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options are not true statements. . Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor? a.Calcium b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c.Diacylglycerol (DAG) d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANSWER D Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? a.Increased serum calcium levels b.Decreased serum magnesium levels c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - ANSWER A. The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion. Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of regulation? a.Negative feedback c.Neural b.Positive feedback d.Physiologic - ANSWER c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the example given. How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance? a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities. b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels. c.Too little hormone production is initiated. d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. - ANSWER D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate description of this hormonal function.