Contents
1 Organisation of the Body........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7
2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7
2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27
3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35
4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43
4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43
4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52
4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis................................................................... 61
4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles......................................................... 69
4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79
4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93
5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105
6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119
7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125
8 Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143
9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161
10 Endocrine System.................................................................................... 191
11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211
12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237
12.1 Blood.............................................................................................. 237
12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250
12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262
12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274
ix
,x Contents
12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286
12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297
13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315
13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315
13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335
14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347
14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347
14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy.................................................... 360
14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Reflexes .......................... 377
14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389
14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389
14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397
15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405
16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound
(The Physics Of) ...................................................................................... 419
16.1 Waves ............................................................................................. 419
16.2 Light Waves ................................................................................... 424
16.3 Sound ............................................................................................. 429
16.4 Ultrasound...................................................................................... 432
17 Ionising Radiation ................................................................................... 437
17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ............................................... 437
17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine,
Radiation Safety............................................................................. 445
18 Electricity ................................................................................................. 465
19 Biomechanics ........................................................................................... 475
20 Energy and Heat ..................................................................................... 493
,Chapter 1
Organisation of the Body
A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the spe-
cialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting but the chal-
lenge lies in its unfamiliarity rather than its difficulty of comprehension. You must
expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the
course of your study. Many of the words contain information as the words are con-
structed with a prefix and a suffix or a stem that identifies the word as referring to a
specific part of anatomy or physiology. This sometimes makes the words rather long
or unusual.
You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direc-
tion the transverse, sagittal & coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such
as: proximal/distal; deep/superficial; superior/inferior; lateral/medial; anterior/pos-
terior; caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed
relative to another. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different
sides of the body and contain different organs. For ease of communication, the
abdomen is divided into nine regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypo-
chondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric (or
pubic), left inguinal regions. You should know the difference between physiology
and anatomy and the definitions of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.
1. Which of the listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take
place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”?
A. Metabolism
B. Cellular respiration
C. Homeostasis
D. Physiology
Answer is A: The quoted statement is a definition of metabolism
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 1
M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and
Physiology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2332-3_1
, 2 1 Organisation of the Body
2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region?
A. The stomach
B. The spleen
C. The liver
D. The duodenum
Answer is C: hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly
on the right side.
3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions?
A. Transverse
B. Axial
C. Coronal
D. Sagittal
Answer is C: dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides
the body into these sections.
4. To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation
refer?
A. atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes
B. mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
C. nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule
D. muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
Answer is D: the listed structures are the four major tissue types.
5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following?
A. cephalic
B. ventral
C. caudal
D. dorsal
Answer is A: cephalic refers to the head region. While superior refers to being
closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question.
6. Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?
A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells
B. The study of how the body works.
C. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body’s
cells.
D. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal
environment.
Answer is B: physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body
functions.
1 Organisation of the Body........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7
2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7
2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27
3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35
4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43
4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43
4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52
4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis................................................................... 61
4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles......................................................... 69
4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79
4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93
5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105
6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119
7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125
8 Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143
9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161
10 Endocrine System.................................................................................... 191
11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211
12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237
12.1 Blood.............................................................................................. 237
12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250
12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262
12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274
ix
,x Contents
12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286
12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297
13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315
13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315
13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335
14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347
14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347
14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy.................................................... 360
14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Reflexes .......................... 377
14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389
14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389
14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397
15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405
16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound
(The Physics Of) ...................................................................................... 419
16.1 Waves ............................................................................................. 419
16.2 Light Waves ................................................................................... 424
16.3 Sound ............................................................................................. 429
16.4 Ultrasound...................................................................................... 432
17 Ionising Radiation ................................................................................... 437
17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ............................................... 437
17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine,
Radiation Safety............................................................................. 445
18 Electricity ................................................................................................. 465
19 Biomechanics ........................................................................................... 475
20 Energy and Heat ..................................................................................... 493
,Chapter 1
Organisation of the Body
A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the spe-
cialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting but the chal-
lenge lies in its unfamiliarity rather than its difficulty of comprehension. You must
expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the
course of your study. Many of the words contain information as the words are con-
structed with a prefix and a suffix or a stem that identifies the word as referring to a
specific part of anatomy or physiology. This sometimes makes the words rather long
or unusual.
You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direc-
tion the transverse, sagittal & coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such
as: proximal/distal; deep/superficial; superior/inferior; lateral/medial; anterior/pos-
terior; caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed
relative to another. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different
sides of the body and contain different organs. For ease of communication, the
abdomen is divided into nine regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypo-
chondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric (or
pubic), left inguinal regions. You should know the difference between physiology
and anatomy and the definitions of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.
1. Which of the listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take
place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”?
A. Metabolism
B. Cellular respiration
C. Homeostasis
D. Physiology
Answer is A: The quoted statement is a definition of metabolism
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 1
M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and
Physiology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2332-3_1
, 2 1 Organisation of the Body
2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region?
A. The stomach
B. The spleen
C. The liver
D. The duodenum
Answer is C: hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly
on the right side.
3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions?
A. Transverse
B. Axial
C. Coronal
D. Sagittal
Answer is C: dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides
the body into these sections.
4. To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation
refer?
A. atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes
B. mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
C. nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule
D. muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
Answer is D: the listed structures are the four major tissue types.
5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following?
A. cephalic
B. ventral
C. caudal
D. dorsal
Answer is A: cephalic refers to the head region. While superior refers to being
closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question.
6. Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?
A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells
B. The study of how the body works.
C. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body’s
cells.
D. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal
environment.
Answer is B: physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body
functions.
