EDF 6222 Exam 1 & 2 Questions and Answers (2023 /
2024) (Verified Answers)
parsimony
look for the simplest explanation possible
what is science?
an attempt to discover order, and to display lawful relations
determinism
The universe is a lawful and orderly place
what does it mean to be scientifically skeptical?
that assumptions should not be made until evidence is available
How do you reduce observer bias?
by ensuring interobserver agreement
guidelines for gathering evidence
- reducing observer bias
- examining experimental control
-replication
- self-correction
what is behaviorism
philosophy of the science of human behavior
what does structuralism rely on?
introspection
structuralism
the science of human behavior permits introspection to explain the conscious mind
methodological behaviorism
A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed
as outside the realm of science. and relied on logical positivism
-does not consider private events -came from psychophysical parallelism
psychophysical parallelism
-mental events can cause only mental events
-physical events can cause only physical events
What did normand present?
-importance of objective, empirical science
-being skeptical does not equate being cynical: withhold judgement until sufficient
evidence is presented, and examine available evidence before making a decision
Characteristics of pseudoscience
-can't be proven false
-anecdotal evidence
how is science self-correcting?
through replication
what is the credo of helping professionals?
do no harm
explanatory fictions
socially approved ways for explaining behavior that violates parsimony
Classical Behaviorism
, S-R behavioism that does not account for consequences or private events
reflex
behavior controlled by external agents
who studied conditioned reflexes
Pavlov
how did pavlov avoid mentalistic and explanatory fictions?
by controlling conditions that allowed him to show stimuli can be conditioned
evolutionary explanation for reflexes?
for survival of the organism
Conditioning can never fashion a _____
novel response
ontogeny
-learned beahviors of a particular animal during its lifetime
-O = one
phylogeny
behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species
how do you know the behavior is phylogenic?
when there is no history of the behavior
what do genes do?
-predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the environment
-genes do not "cause" behavior they set up physical basis for behavior to occur
what does GMI with a mirror do?
provides additional feedback required to receive discriminative control of the model
what did Miller et al. (2015) find?
that mirrors do facilitate acquisition of motor imitation in children with ASD
-mirror serves as a discriminative control for the model
What did
where does our understanding of operant behavior originate from?
Darwin's controversial idea that humans are not unique in their ability to think
What did Thorndike create?
Law of effect
-trial and error type of explanation
-organisms learn when behaviors are followed by pleasant things and vice versa
Law of effect
-Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions
-Bx decrease when followed by negative stimuli
-Bx increase when followed by pleasant stimuli
what was Skinner's work a continuation of?
Thorndike's Law of Effect
extinction
when reinforcement is no longer provided
punishment
-reduces future frequency of behavior
-never responsible for skill acquisition
what is the most powerful stimulus in human learning?
consequences
2024) (Verified Answers)
parsimony
look for the simplest explanation possible
what is science?
an attempt to discover order, and to display lawful relations
determinism
The universe is a lawful and orderly place
what does it mean to be scientifically skeptical?
that assumptions should not be made until evidence is available
How do you reduce observer bias?
by ensuring interobserver agreement
guidelines for gathering evidence
- reducing observer bias
- examining experimental control
-replication
- self-correction
what is behaviorism
philosophy of the science of human behavior
what does structuralism rely on?
introspection
structuralism
the science of human behavior permits introspection to explain the conscious mind
methodological behaviorism
A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed
as outside the realm of science. and relied on logical positivism
-does not consider private events -came from psychophysical parallelism
psychophysical parallelism
-mental events can cause only mental events
-physical events can cause only physical events
What did normand present?
-importance of objective, empirical science
-being skeptical does not equate being cynical: withhold judgement until sufficient
evidence is presented, and examine available evidence before making a decision
Characteristics of pseudoscience
-can't be proven false
-anecdotal evidence
how is science self-correcting?
through replication
what is the credo of helping professionals?
do no harm
explanatory fictions
socially approved ways for explaining behavior that violates parsimony
Classical Behaviorism
, S-R behavioism that does not account for consequences or private events
reflex
behavior controlled by external agents
who studied conditioned reflexes
Pavlov
how did pavlov avoid mentalistic and explanatory fictions?
by controlling conditions that allowed him to show stimuli can be conditioned
evolutionary explanation for reflexes?
for survival of the organism
Conditioning can never fashion a _____
novel response
ontogeny
-learned beahviors of a particular animal during its lifetime
-O = one
phylogeny
behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species
how do you know the behavior is phylogenic?
when there is no history of the behavior
what do genes do?
-predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the environment
-genes do not "cause" behavior they set up physical basis for behavior to occur
what does GMI with a mirror do?
provides additional feedback required to receive discriminative control of the model
what did Miller et al. (2015) find?
that mirrors do facilitate acquisition of motor imitation in children with ASD
-mirror serves as a discriminative control for the model
What did
where does our understanding of operant behavior originate from?
Darwin's controversial idea that humans are not unique in their ability to think
What did Thorndike create?
Law of effect
-trial and error type of explanation
-organisms learn when behaviors are followed by pleasant things and vice versa
Law of effect
-Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions
-Bx decrease when followed by negative stimuli
-Bx increase when followed by pleasant stimuli
what was Skinner's work a continuation of?
Thorndike's Law of Effect
extinction
when reinforcement is no longer provided
punishment
-reduces future frequency of behavior
-never responsible for skill acquisition
what is the most powerful stimulus in human learning?
consequences
