Inhoud
Hoorcollege 1: Introductie (30-10, Krugers) ............................................................................................ 4
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Fundamentele thema’s in de psychologie van leren en geheugen ..................................................... 6
1. Filosofie en het vroege denken over leren en geheugen (~400 BC – 1880) ............................ 6
2. De start van de moderne en experimentele psychologie (1880 – 1920) ................................ 6
3. Behaviorisme ........................................................................................................................... 7
4. Cognitivisme: de cognitieve benadering (~1950 – heden) ...................................................... 8
Lange termijngeheugen ................................................................................................................... 9
Modellen van het geheugen ............................................................................................................ 9
Overzicht cursus ................................................................................................................................ 10
Hoorcollege 2: Herhalende Gebeurtenissen (01-11, De Gee) ............................................................... 11
Korte aantekeningen van het boek.................................................................................................... 11
Habituatie ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Sensitisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 13
Habituatie ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Sensitisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Priming .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Perceptueel leren .......................................................................................................................... 19
Objectherkenning .......................................................................................................................... 21
Ruimtelijk leren en geheugen ........................................................................................................ 22
Hoorcollege 3: Vaardigheden (02-11, De Gee) ...................................................................................... 24
Korte aantekeningen boek ................................................................................................................ 24
Procedureel geheugen ...................................................................................................................... 26
Testen van vaardigheden ................................................................................................................... 26
Practise makes perfect .................................................................................................................. 27
Power law of learning .................................................................................................................... 28
Spreiding in oefenmomenten ........................................................................................................ 28
Impliciet leren versus expliciet leren ................................................................................................. 29
Van vaardigheid naar gewoonte .................................................................................................... 29
Onthouden en vergeten ................................................................................................................ 29
Leren en geheugen voor vaardigheden in de hersenen .................................................................... 31
Striatum ......................................................................................................................................... 31
(Pre-motor) cortex ......................................................................................................................... 32
, Cerebellum .................................................................................................................................... 33
Samenvatting ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Hoorcollege 4: Conditionering (03-11, De Gee) .................................................................................... 35
Klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................................... 36
Aversieve klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................ 36
Rescorla-Wagner model ................................................................................................................ 40
Latent inhibition ............................................................................................................................ 42
Cerebellum en eye-blink conditionering ....................................................................................... 43
Samenvatting klassieke conditionering ......................................................................................... 45
Operante conditionering ................................................................................................................... 45
Reinforcers en punishers ............................................................................................................... 45
Orbitofrontale cortex en operante conditionering........................................................................ 47
Samenvatting operante conditionering ......................................................................................... 48
Hoorcollege 5: Synaptische Plasticiteit 1 - LTP (06-11, Kessels) ........................................................... 49
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Hebb’s regel ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Long Term Potentiation ..................................................................................................................... 52
Paradigma’s voor LTP inductie ....................................................................................................... 52
LTP op synapsniveau ...................................................................................................................... 53
NMDA subunits.............................................................................................................................. 57
AMPA-receptoren .......................................................................................................................... 59
Fear conditioning en LTP ................................................................................................................... 60
Fases in LTP ........................................................................................................................................ 63
Hoorcollege 6: Synaptische Plasticiteit 2 - LTD (08-11, Kessels) ............................................................ 66
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) ............................................................................................ 66
Spike Timing Dependent LTD ......................................................................................................... 67
Post-synaptische Long-Term Depression (LTD) .................................................................................. 69
NMDA receptoren en LTD .............................................................................................................. 70
Fysiologische rol van LTD ............................................................................................................... 74
Nabavi et al. ‘Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP’ ................................................................... 75
Hoorcollege 7: Coderen van Geheugen (09-11, Krugers) ...................................................................... 81
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 81
‘Niet alle cellen nemen deel aan het geheugen.’ .............................................................................. 82
Inhibitory avoidance learning ........................................................................................................ 82
Engram cellen .................................................................................................................................... 84
, Geactiveerde neuronen zichtbaar maken (markers) ..................................................................... 84
CREB en leren en geheugen........................................................................................................... 85
Zijn ‘engram cellen’ essentieel voor het geheugen? ..................................................................... 87
Moleculaire biologie, optogenetica en gedrag .................................................................................. 88
Optogenetica in geheugencellen ................................................................................................... 89
Eigenschappen van engram cellen ................................................................................................ 91
Alzheimer muizen .......................................................................................................................... 91
Hoorcollege 8: Neurale Netwerk Modellen 1 (13-11, Meijas) .............................................................. 92
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Waarom hebben we computationele wetenschap en modellen? ................................................ 92
Modellen van neuronen .................................................................................................................... 92
Hodgkin-Huxley model .................................................................................................................. 92
Gesimplificeerde modellen: Izhikevich neuron model .................................................................. 93
Nog meer gesimplificeerd: Leaky Integrate-and Fire (LIF) neuron model ..................................... 95
Netwerken ......................................................................................................................................... 97
LIF netwerken ................................................................................................................................ 97
Firing rate network model ............................................................................................................. 97
Differentiaalvergelijkingen numeriek oplossen ................................................................................. 97
Hoorcollege 9: Emotioneel Geheugen (14-11, Krugers) ........................................................................ 99
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 99
Emotionele geheugen........................................................................................................................ 99
Neurale circuit van fear conditioning ................................................................................................ 99
.Functionele veranderingen in de amygdala tijdens fear conditioning ....................................... 100
In vivo afleidingen tijdens angstconditionering........................................................................... 101
Angst en angstige herinneringen..................................................................................................... 101
NMDA receptoren ....................................................................................................................... 101
AMPA receptoren ........................................................................................................................ 102
Stress, stresshormonen en geheugen ............................................................................................. 102
Foot shock ................................................................................................................................... 103
Morris Water Maze...................................................................................................................... 103
Hoe bevorderen de hormonen het geheugen? ........................................................................... 104
Herinneringen zijn labiel nadat ze worden opgeroepen ................................................................. 106
, Hoorcollege 1: Introductie (30-10, Krugers)
Gluck, H1: "Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory" : blz 1-30
Gluck, H2: "The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory": blz 45 -46 “Hebbian
Learning ” + blz 58-60 “Searching for memories in the cerebral cortex”.
Introductie
‘Geheugen impliceert een verloop van tijd; daarom hebben alleen dieren die een tijd ervaren een
geheugen en het orgaan waarmee zij tijd waarnemen is ook het orgaan waarmee zij herinneren.’ –
Aristoteles.
Technieken zijn belangrijk om geheugen te bestuderen. Ook modellen worden steeds meer gebruikt.
Definities en geheugen
Leren: Het proces waarbij ervaring / interactie met de omgeving resulteert in verandering in gedrag
Geheugen: Totale pakket aan ervaringen dat is opgeslagen in ons brein (expressie van leren)
Geheugen is niet maar 1 ding:
Er zijn 3 stappen in de verwerking van informatie:
Hoorcollege 1: Introductie (30-10, Krugers) ............................................................................................ 4
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Fundamentele thema’s in de psychologie van leren en geheugen ..................................................... 6
1. Filosofie en het vroege denken over leren en geheugen (~400 BC – 1880) ............................ 6
2. De start van de moderne en experimentele psychologie (1880 – 1920) ................................ 6
3. Behaviorisme ........................................................................................................................... 7
4. Cognitivisme: de cognitieve benadering (~1950 – heden) ...................................................... 8
Lange termijngeheugen ................................................................................................................... 9
Modellen van het geheugen ............................................................................................................ 9
Overzicht cursus ................................................................................................................................ 10
Hoorcollege 2: Herhalende Gebeurtenissen (01-11, De Gee) ............................................................... 11
Korte aantekeningen van het boek.................................................................................................... 11
Habituatie ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Sensitisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 13
Habituatie ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Sensitisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Priming .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Perceptueel leren .......................................................................................................................... 19
Objectherkenning .......................................................................................................................... 21
Ruimtelijk leren en geheugen ........................................................................................................ 22
Hoorcollege 3: Vaardigheden (02-11, De Gee) ...................................................................................... 24
Korte aantekeningen boek ................................................................................................................ 24
Procedureel geheugen ...................................................................................................................... 26
Testen van vaardigheden ................................................................................................................... 26
Practise makes perfect .................................................................................................................. 27
Power law of learning .................................................................................................................... 28
Spreiding in oefenmomenten ........................................................................................................ 28
Impliciet leren versus expliciet leren ................................................................................................. 29
Van vaardigheid naar gewoonte .................................................................................................... 29
Onthouden en vergeten ................................................................................................................ 29
Leren en geheugen voor vaardigheden in de hersenen .................................................................... 31
Striatum ......................................................................................................................................... 31
(Pre-motor) cortex ......................................................................................................................... 32
, Cerebellum .................................................................................................................................... 33
Samenvatting ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Hoorcollege 4: Conditionering (03-11, De Gee) .................................................................................... 35
Klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................................... 36
Aversieve klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................ 36
Rescorla-Wagner model ................................................................................................................ 40
Latent inhibition ............................................................................................................................ 42
Cerebellum en eye-blink conditionering ....................................................................................... 43
Samenvatting klassieke conditionering ......................................................................................... 45
Operante conditionering ................................................................................................................... 45
Reinforcers en punishers ............................................................................................................... 45
Orbitofrontale cortex en operante conditionering........................................................................ 47
Samenvatting operante conditionering ......................................................................................... 48
Hoorcollege 5: Synaptische Plasticiteit 1 - LTP (06-11, Kessels) ........................................................... 49
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Hebb’s regel ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Long Term Potentiation ..................................................................................................................... 52
Paradigma’s voor LTP inductie ....................................................................................................... 52
LTP op synapsniveau ...................................................................................................................... 53
NMDA subunits.............................................................................................................................. 57
AMPA-receptoren .......................................................................................................................... 59
Fear conditioning en LTP ................................................................................................................... 60
Fases in LTP ........................................................................................................................................ 63
Hoorcollege 6: Synaptische Plasticiteit 2 - LTD (08-11, Kessels) ............................................................ 66
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) ............................................................................................ 66
Spike Timing Dependent LTD ......................................................................................................... 67
Post-synaptische Long-Term Depression (LTD) .................................................................................. 69
NMDA receptoren en LTD .............................................................................................................. 70
Fysiologische rol van LTD ............................................................................................................... 74
Nabavi et al. ‘Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP’ ................................................................... 75
Hoorcollege 7: Coderen van Geheugen (09-11, Krugers) ...................................................................... 81
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 81
‘Niet alle cellen nemen deel aan het geheugen.’ .............................................................................. 82
Inhibitory avoidance learning ........................................................................................................ 82
Engram cellen .................................................................................................................................... 84
, Geactiveerde neuronen zichtbaar maken (markers) ..................................................................... 84
CREB en leren en geheugen........................................................................................................... 85
Zijn ‘engram cellen’ essentieel voor het geheugen? ..................................................................... 87
Moleculaire biologie, optogenetica en gedrag .................................................................................. 88
Optogenetica in geheugencellen ................................................................................................... 89
Eigenschappen van engram cellen ................................................................................................ 91
Alzheimer muizen .......................................................................................................................... 91
Hoorcollege 8: Neurale Netwerk Modellen 1 (13-11, Meijas) .............................................................. 92
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Waarom hebben we computationele wetenschap en modellen? ................................................ 92
Modellen van neuronen .................................................................................................................... 92
Hodgkin-Huxley model .................................................................................................................. 92
Gesimplificeerde modellen: Izhikevich neuron model .................................................................. 93
Nog meer gesimplificeerd: Leaky Integrate-and Fire (LIF) neuron model ..................................... 95
Netwerken ......................................................................................................................................... 97
LIF netwerken ................................................................................................................................ 97
Firing rate network model ............................................................................................................. 97
Differentiaalvergelijkingen numeriek oplossen ................................................................................. 97
Hoorcollege 9: Emotioneel Geheugen (14-11, Krugers) ........................................................................ 99
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 99
Emotionele geheugen........................................................................................................................ 99
Neurale circuit van fear conditioning ................................................................................................ 99
.Functionele veranderingen in de amygdala tijdens fear conditioning ....................................... 100
In vivo afleidingen tijdens angstconditionering........................................................................... 101
Angst en angstige herinneringen..................................................................................................... 101
NMDA receptoren ....................................................................................................................... 101
AMPA receptoren ........................................................................................................................ 102
Stress, stresshormonen en geheugen ............................................................................................. 102
Foot shock ................................................................................................................................... 103
Morris Water Maze...................................................................................................................... 103
Hoe bevorderen de hormonen het geheugen? ........................................................................... 104
Herinneringen zijn labiel nadat ze worden opgeroepen ................................................................. 106
, Hoorcollege 1: Introductie (30-10, Krugers)
Gluck, H1: "Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory" : blz 1-30
Gluck, H2: "The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory": blz 45 -46 “Hebbian
Learning ” + blz 58-60 “Searching for memories in the cerebral cortex”.
Introductie
‘Geheugen impliceert een verloop van tijd; daarom hebben alleen dieren die een tijd ervaren een
geheugen en het orgaan waarmee zij tijd waarnemen is ook het orgaan waarmee zij herinneren.’ –
Aristoteles.
Technieken zijn belangrijk om geheugen te bestuderen. Ook modellen worden steeds meer gebruikt.
Definities en geheugen
Leren: Het proces waarbij ervaring / interactie met de omgeving resulteert in verandering in gedrag
Geheugen: Totale pakket aan ervaringen dat is opgeslagen in ons brein (expressie van leren)
Geheugen is niet maar 1 ding:
Er zijn 3 stappen in de verwerking van informatie:
