Inhoud
Hoorcollege 1: Episodisch en Semantisch geheugen (27-11, Murre) ...................................................... 5
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Episodisch geheugen ........................................................................................................................... 6
Mere exposure versus retrieval practice ......................................................................................... 8
Ebbinghaus’ vergeetcurve ............................................................................................................... 8
Permastore ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Geheugen illusies............................................................................................................................. 9
Semantisch geheugen.......................................................................................................................... 9
Vroege benaderingen van het semantisch geheugen ..................................................................... 9
Schemata ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Semantische dementie .................................................................................................................. 11
Hoorcollege 2: Werkgeheugen (29-11, Murre) ..................................................................................... 12
Sensorisch geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Iconisch geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Echoïsch geheugen ........................................................................................................................ 12
Korte termijngeheugen ..................................................................................................................... 13
Vergeten in Short Term Store: decay versus interferentie............................................................. 13
Onthouden in Short Term Store: primacy versus recency effect ................................................... 14
Werkgeheugen .................................................................................................................................. 15
Werkgeheugen volgens Baddeley en Hitch ................................................................................... 16
Verschillende modellen ................................................................................................................. 18
Werkgeheugen in de kliniek .......................................................................................................... 19
Hoorcollege 3: Hippocampus functie (01-12, Pennartz) ....................................................................... 20
Navigatie ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Path integration ................................................................................................................................. 20
Hippocampus ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Cognitieve map hypothese ............................................................................................................ 21
Grid cells in de entorhinale cortex................................................................................................. 23
Andere cellen in het navigatiesysteem .......................................................................................... 23
Wat codeert de hippocampus uiteindelijk? .................................................................................. 24
Bewijs voor place cellen in de humane hippocampus .................................................................. 26
Hippocampus en geheugen ........................................................................................................... 27
Take-home messages......................................................................................................................... 29
,Hoorcollege 4: Mediale Temporale Kwab Netwerken (04-12, Talamini) ............................................... 30
Computationele modellen................................................................................................................. 30
Geheugencodering in neurale netwerken ..................................................................................... 30
Geheugen retrieval in neurale netwerken..................................................................................... 31
Episodisch geheugen ..................................................................................................................... 31
Hippocampus ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Neocortico-hippocampale routes in primaten en knaagdieren .................................................... 32
Neurofysiologie van hippocampale en entorhinale neuronen...................................................... 33
Episodische binding & MTL geheugenmodel ................................................................................ 33
Level van detail in modellen .............................................................................................................. 36
Hippocampale fysiologie ............................................................................................................... 37
Functionele anatomie.................................................................................................................... 37
Orthogonalisatie in hippocampaal model ..................................................................................... 37
Hoorcollege 5: Consolidatiemechanismen (06-12, Krugers) ................................................................. 39
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Hippocampale – neocorticale interactie tijdens consolidatie ........................................................... 39
Consolidatie ................................................................................................................................... 39
Tijdelijke rol van de hippocampus ................................................................................................. 40
Hippocampale – corticale shift ...................................................................................................... 41
Inbedding van informatie in “schema’s” ........................................................................................... 42
Consolidatie en reorganisatie ........................................................................................................ 42
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................. 43
Reactivatie of replay van neurale vuurpatronen tijdens rust en slaap .............................................. 44
Hippocampale Local Field Potential .............................................................................................. 44
Two-stage model of memory trace formation (Buzsaki, 1989) ..................................................... 44
Two-stage model of memory ........................................................................................................ 46
Hoorcollege 6: Slaap (06-12, Talamini) .................................................................................................. 49
Slaap-waak stadia .............................................................................................................................. 49
Slaapregistratie .............................................................................................................................. 49
REM versus non-REM .................................................................................................................... 51
Waarom slapen we? .......................................................................................................................... 52
Functies van slaap.......................................................................................................................... 52
Unified theory of sleep (samenvatting) ......................................................................................... 53
Circadiane ritmiek.............................................................................................................................. 53
Suprachiasmatische nucleus (SCN) ................................................................................................ 54
Neurale mechanismen van slapen en waken .................................................................................... 56
, Neuromodulatoire systemen in de hersenstam ............................................................................ 56
Slaapregulatie ................................................................................................................................ 57
Hoorcollege 7: Humane consolidatie & reorganisatie (08-12, Talamini) ............................................... 58
Geheugenreorganisatie over de tijd .................................................................................................. 58
Vergeten ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Consolidatie ................................................................................................................................... 58
Interacties oude en nieuwe geheugensporen ............................................................................... 62
Een rol voor slaap in geheugenreorganisatie .................................................................................... 63
Eerdere bevindingen...................................................................................................................... 63
Recente paradigma’s ..................................................................................................................... 64
Bevordert slaap ‘system-level’ consolidatie? ................................................................................ 65
Neurale correlaten van slaap-gerelateerde geheugenreactivatie ................................................. 66
Geheugenmanipulatie tijdens slaap .............................................................................................. 67
Hoorcollege 8: Neurale Netwerk Modellen (11-12, Mejias) ................................................................. 68
Modellen van leren en geheugen ...................................................................................................... 68
Unsupervised learning ................................................................................................................... 68
Supervised learning ....................................................................................................................... 72
Reinforcement learning ................................................................................................................. 75
Hoorcollege 9: Alzheimer (14-12, Lucassen) ......................................................................................... 78
Achtergrond ....................................................................................................................................... 78
Klinisch beeld en diagnose ................................................................................................................ 79
Klinisch beeld................................................................................................................................. 79
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Neuropathologie................................................................................................................................ 81
Plaques en tangles ......................................................................................................................... 81
Neuropathologische stadia van Alzheimer .................................................................................... 82
Genetische en risicofactoren ......................................................................................................... 83
Genetische factoren ...................................................................................................................... 83
Hypotheses AD etiologie; nieuwe ontwikkelingen ............................................................................ 84
Beta-amyloid; onderdeel van plaques ........................................................................................... 84
Tau en tangles ................................................................................................................................ 84
APOE4 en leeftijd ........................................................................................................................... 85
Metabolisme.................................................................................................................................. 85
Therapie ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Risicofactoren (preventie) ............................................................................................................. 86
Diermodellen en nieuwe ontwikkelingen.......................................................................................... 86
, Immuuntherapie ............................................................................................................................ 86
Hoorcollege 1: Episodisch en Semantisch geheugen (27-11, Murre) ...................................................... 5
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Episodisch geheugen ........................................................................................................................... 6
Mere exposure versus retrieval practice ......................................................................................... 8
Ebbinghaus’ vergeetcurve ............................................................................................................... 8
Permastore ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Geheugen illusies............................................................................................................................. 9
Semantisch geheugen.......................................................................................................................... 9
Vroege benaderingen van het semantisch geheugen ..................................................................... 9
Schemata ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Semantische dementie .................................................................................................................. 11
Hoorcollege 2: Werkgeheugen (29-11, Murre) ..................................................................................... 12
Sensorisch geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Iconisch geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Echoïsch geheugen ........................................................................................................................ 12
Korte termijngeheugen ..................................................................................................................... 13
Vergeten in Short Term Store: decay versus interferentie............................................................. 13
Onthouden in Short Term Store: primacy versus recency effect ................................................... 14
Werkgeheugen .................................................................................................................................. 15
Werkgeheugen volgens Baddeley en Hitch ................................................................................... 16
Verschillende modellen ................................................................................................................. 18
Werkgeheugen in de kliniek .......................................................................................................... 19
Hoorcollege 3: Hippocampus functie (01-12, Pennartz) ....................................................................... 20
Navigatie ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Path integration ................................................................................................................................. 20
Hippocampus ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Cognitieve map hypothese ............................................................................................................ 21
Grid cells in de entorhinale cortex................................................................................................. 23
Andere cellen in het navigatiesysteem .......................................................................................... 23
Wat codeert de hippocampus uiteindelijk? .................................................................................. 24
Bewijs voor place cellen in de humane hippocampus .................................................................. 26
Hippocampus en geheugen ........................................................................................................... 27
Take-home messages......................................................................................................................... 29
,Hoorcollege 4: Mediale Temporale Kwab Netwerken (04-12, Talamini) ............................................... 30
Computationele modellen................................................................................................................. 30
Geheugencodering in neurale netwerken ..................................................................................... 30
Geheugen retrieval in neurale netwerken..................................................................................... 31
Episodisch geheugen ..................................................................................................................... 31
Hippocampus ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Neocortico-hippocampale routes in primaten en knaagdieren .................................................... 32
Neurofysiologie van hippocampale en entorhinale neuronen...................................................... 33
Episodische binding & MTL geheugenmodel ................................................................................ 33
Level van detail in modellen .............................................................................................................. 36
Hippocampale fysiologie ............................................................................................................... 37
Functionele anatomie.................................................................................................................... 37
Orthogonalisatie in hippocampaal model ..................................................................................... 37
Hoorcollege 5: Consolidatiemechanismen (06-12, Krugers) ................................................................. 39
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Hippocampale – neocorticale interactie tijdens consolidatie ........................................................... 39
Consolidatie ................................................................................................................................... 39
Tijdelijke rol van de hippocampus ................................................................................................. 40
Hippocampale – corticale shift ...................................................................................................... 41
Inbedding van informatie in “schema’s” ........................................................................................... 42
Consolidatie en reorganisatie ........................................................................................................ 42
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................. 43
Reactivatie of replay van neurale vuurpatronen tijdens rust en slaap .............................................. 44
Hippocampale Local Field Potential .............................................................................................. 44
Two-stage model of memory trace formation (Buzsaki, 1989) ..................................................... 44
Two-stage model of memory ........................................................................................................ 46
Hoorcollege 6: Slaap (06-12, Talamini) .................................................................................................. 49
Slaap-waak stadia .............................................................................................................................. 49
Slaapregistratie .............................................................................................................................. 49
REM versus non-REM .................................................................................................................... 51
Waarom slapen we? .......................................................................................................................... 52
Functies van slaap.......................................................................................................................... 52
Unified theory of sleep (samenvatting) ......................................................................................... 53
Circadiane ritmiek.............................................................................................................................. 53
Suprachiasmatische nucleus (SCN) ................................................................................................ 54
Neurale mechanismen van slapen en waken .................................................................................... 56
, Neuromodulatoire systemen in de hersenstam ............................................................................ 56
Slaapregulatie ................................................................................................................................ 57
Hoorcollege 7: Humane consolidatie & reorganisatie (08-12, Talamini) ............................................... 58
Geheugenreorganisatie over de tijd .................................................................................................. 58
Vergeten ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Consolidatie ................................................................................................................................... 58
Interacties oude en nieuwe geheugensporen ............................................................................... 62
Een rol voor slaap in geheugenreorganisatie .................................................................................... 63
Eerdere bevindingen...................................................................................................................... 63
Recente paradigma’s ..................................................................................................................... 64
Bevordert slaap ‘system-level’ consolidatie? ................................................................................ 65
Neurale correlaten van slaap-gerelateerde geheugenreactivatie ................................................. 66
Geheugenmanipulatie tijdens slaap .............................................................................................. 67
Hoorcollege 8: Neurale Netwerk Modellen (11-12, Mejias) ................................................................. 68
Modellen van leren en geheugen ...................................................................................................... 68
Unsupervised learning ................................................................................................................... 68
Supervised learning ....................................................................................................................... 72
Reinforcement learning ................................................................................................................. 75
Hoorcollege 9: Alzheimer (14-12, Lucassen) ......................................................................................... 78
Achtergrond ....................................................................................................................................... 78
Klinisch beeld en diagnose ................................................................................................................ 79
Klinisch beeld................................................................................................................................. 79
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Neuropathologie................................................................................................................................ 81
Plaques en tangles ......................................................................................................................... 81
Neuropathologische stadia van Alzheimer .................................................................................... 82
Genetische en risicofactoren ......................................................................................................... 83
Genetische factoren ...................................................................................................................... 83
Hypotheses AD etiologie; nieuwe ontwikkelingen ............................................................................ 84
Beta-amyloid; onderdeel van plaques ........................................................................................... 84
Tau en tangles ................................................................................................................................ 84
APOE4 en leeftijd ........................................................................................................................... 85
Metabolisme.................................................................................................................................. 85
Therapie ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Risicofactoren (preventie) ............................................................................................................. 86
Diermodellen en nieuwe ontwikkelingen.......................................................................................... 86
, Immuuntherapie ............................................................................................................................ 86
