Non-British Paper
Study Guide
The Crusades and The Crusader States
1095 – 1192
History A-Level
Exam Board: OCR
Anish Shah
, Table of Contents:
Non-British Paper Mark Scheme and Exam Technique .......................................................... 4
The Eve of the First Crusade ..................................................................................................... 5
The Situation in Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusade ........................................................................... 5
The Situation in Byzantium on the Eve of the Crusade .................................................................................... 6
The Situation in the Islamic East on the Eve of the Crusade ........................................................................... 7
Timeline and Essay Plans .................................................................................................................................. 7
The First Crusade ....................................................................................................................... 8
The Appeal of Alexius 1095 ............................................................................................................................... 8
Urban II’s Aims and Appeal at Clermont .......................................................................................................... 8
The People’s Crusade ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Why people went on the Crusade ..................................................................................................................... 11
Leadership of The First Crusade and Divisions .............................................................................................. 12
Journey Across Anatolia .................................................................................................................................. 15
The Political and Religious Divisions in the Islamic World ........................................................................... 16
Military Tactics of Crusaders and Opponents ................................................................................................. 17
The Capture of Edessa (1098) .......................................................................................................................... 18
The Siege of Antioch (1097 – 98) ..................................................................................................................... 18
The Capture of Jerusalem (1099) and The Battle of Ascalon......................................................................... 19
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 21
The Crusader States in the Twelfth Century ........................................................................... 24
Establishment of the Crusader States .............................................................................................................. 24
The Role of Rulers (of Jerusalem) ................................................................................................................... 25
Problems of Succession .................................................................................................................................... 27
Internal Rivalries .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Western Aid....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Muslim Disunity ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Military Orders ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Manpower ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Castles ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Finance ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 34
The Second Crusade ................................................................................................................. 36
Circumstance in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s............................................................................................... 36
Rise of Zengi and the Development of Jihad ................................................................................................... 36
Taking of Edessa (1144) ................................................................................................................................... 37
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Call for the Second Crusade ........................................................................... 38
Preparations for the Second Crusade .............................................................................................................. 40
Relationship’s with Byzantium ........................................................................................................................ 40
Events in Anatolia, Antioch, and Acre (1147 – 48) ......................................................................................... 40
Siege of Damascus (1148) ................................................................................................................................ 42
The Islamic Response to the Second Crusade and Impacts of the Second Crusade ...................................... 42
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 46
The Third Crusade.................................................................................................................... 47
, Saladin .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Hattin (1187)..................................................................................................................................................... 47
The Loss of Jerusalem (1187) .......................................................................................................................... 48
Reasons for the Third Crusade ........................................................................................................................ 48
Aims for the Third Crusade.............................................................................................................................. 49
Reasons for the Failure of Frederick Barbarossa’s Expedition ..................................................................... 50
The Role of Richard I and Philip Augustus .................................................................................................... 50
Events of Acre and Jaffa (1191 – 92) .............................................................................................................. 52
Jerusalem .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Consequences of the Third Crusade ................................................................................................................ 55
Extent of Success and Failure ......................................................................................................................... 55
Timeline ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Essay Questions ........................................................................................................................ 57
The Eve of the First Crusade ........................................................................................................................... 57
The First Crusade ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Crusader States ................................................................................................................................................. 57
The Second Crusade ......................................................................................................................................... 57
The Third Crusade ........................................................................................................................................... 58
, Non-British Paper Mark Scheme and Exam Technique
Q1. Comparison of Two Factors (10 Marks)
Which of the following was of greater importance in ‘statement’?
i. Factor 1
ii. Factor 2
Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii).
• NO INTRODUCTION
• Factor Paragraphs:
o Use command stem in question
o Explanation of factor – accurate, detailed knowledge (between 3 – 4 pieces)
o Evaluate against the other factor
o Judgement – importance of factor
o Link to the other factor
• Conclusion:
o Explain interplay of the factors – summarise links
o Hierarchy of judgement – most important factor usually causes the other
o Use of accurate and detailed knowledge to support HOJ
o Answer the question
Q2/3. Thematic Question (20 Marks)
Thematic question, sometimes ‘how far do you agree?’
• Introduction
o Explain any key dates, terms, or names in the questions
o Introduce main factors and discuss the interplay
o Answer the question
• Factor Paragraphs:
o Use command stem in question
o Explanation of factor – accurate, detailed knowledge (between 3 – 4 pieces)
o Evaluate against the other factor
o Judgement – importance of factor - link to the other factor
• Conclusion:
o Explain interplay of the factors – summarise links
o Hierarchy of judgement – most important factor usually causes the other
o Use of accurate and detailed knowledge to support HOJ
o Answer the question
Study Guide
The Crusades and The Crusader States
1095 – 1192
History A-Level
Exam Board: OCR
Anish Shah
, Table of Contents:
Non-British Paper Mark Scheme and Exam Technique .......................................................... 4
The Eve of the First Crusade ..................................................................................................... 5
The Situation in Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusade ........................................................................... 5
The Situation in Byzantium on the Eve of the Crusade .................................................................................... 6
The Situation in the Islamic East on the Eve of the Crusade ........................................................................... 7
Timeline and Essay Plans .................................................................................................................................. 7
The First Crusade ....................................................................................................................... 8
The Appeal of Alexius 1095 ............................................................................................................................... 8
Urban II’s Aims and Appeal at Clermont .......................................................................................................... 8
The People’s Crusade ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Why people went on the Crusade ..................................................................................................................... 11
Leadership of The First Crusade and Divisions .............................................................................................. 12
Journey Across Anatolia .................................................................................................................................. 15
The Political and Religious Divisions in the Islamic World ........................................................................... 16
Military Tactics of Crusaders and Opponents ................................................................................................. 17
The Capture of Edessa (1098) .......................................................................................................................... 18
The Siege of Antioch (1097 – 98) ..................................................................................................................... 18
The Capture of Jerusalem (1099) and The Battle of Ascalon......................................................................... 19
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 21
The Crusader States in the Twelfth Century ........................................................................... 24
Establishment of the Crusader States .............................................................................................................. 24
The Role of Rulers (of Jerusalem) ................................................................................................................... 25
Problems of Succession .................................................................................................................................... 27
Internal Rivalries .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Western Aid....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Muslim Disunity ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Military Orders ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Manpower ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Castles ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Finance ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 34
The Second Crusade ................................................................................................................. 36
Circumstance in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s............................................................................................... 36
Rise of Zengi and the Development of Jihad ................................................................................................... 36
Taking of Edessa (1144) ................................................................................................................................... 37
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Call for the Second Crusade ........................................................................... 38
Preparations for the Second Crusade .............................................................................................................. 40
Relationship’s with Byzantium ........................................................................................................................ 40
Events in Anatolia, Antioch, and Acre (1147 – 48) ......................................................................................... 40
Siege of Damascus (1148) ................................................................................................................................ 42
The Islamic Response to the Second Crusade and Impacts of the Second Crusade ...................................... 42
Timeline and Essay Plans ................................................................................................................................ 46
The Third Crusade.................................................................................................................... 47
, Saladin .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Hattin (1187)..................................................................................................................................................... 47
The Loss of Jerusalem (1187) .......................................................................................................................... 48
Reasons for the Third Crusade ........................................................................................................................ 48
Aims for the Third Crusade.............................................................................................................................. 49
Reasons for the Failure of Frederick Barbarossa’s Expedition ..................................................................... 50
The Role of Richard I and Philip Augustus .................................................................................................... 50
Events of Acre and Jaffa (1191 – 92) .............................................................................................................. 52
Jerusalem .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Consequences of the Third Crusade ................................................................................................................ 55
Extent of Success and Failure ......................................................................................................................... 55
Timeline ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Essay Questions ........................................................................................................................ 57
The Eve of the First Crusade ........................................................................................................................... 57
The First Crusade ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Crusader States ................................................................................................................................................. 57
The Second Crusade ......................................................................................................................................... 57
The Third Crusade ........................................................................................................................................... 58
, Non-British Paper Mark Scheme and Exam Technique
Q1. Comparison of Two Factors (10 Marks)
Which of the following was of greater importance in ‘statement’?
i. Factor 1
ii. Factor 2
Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii).
• NO INTRODUCTION
• Factor Paragraphs:
o Use command stem in question
o Explanation of factor – accurate, detailed knowledge (between 3 – 4 pieces)
o Evaluate against the other factor
o Judgement – importance of factor
o Link to the other factor
• Conclusion:
o Explain interplay of the factors – summarise links
o Hierarchy of judgement – most important factor usually causes the other
o Use of accurate and detailed knowledge to support HOJ
o Answer the question
Q2/3. Thematic Question (20 Marks)
Thematic question, sometimes ‘how far do you agree?’
• Introduction
o Explain any key dates, terms, or names in the questions
o Introduce main factors and discuss the interplay
o Answer the question
• Factor Paragraphs:
o Use command stem in question
o Explanation of factor – accurate, detailed knowledge (between 3 – 4 pieces)
o Evaluate against the other factor
o Judgement – importance of factor - link to the other factor
• Conclusion:
o Explain interplay of the factors – summarise links
o Hierarchy of judgement – most important factor usually causes the other
o Use of accurate and detailed knowledge to support HOJ
o Answer the question
