NURSING 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct.

NURSING 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct. What are the differences of cancer in women than men? - Answer -Cancer with the highest death rate among women is lung cancer (25%.) -Cancer with the highest incidence among women is breast cancer (30%.) -Thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women. -Women are less likely to have colon cancer screenings. What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade I Histologic rating? - Answer Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated (low grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade II Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated (intermediate grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade III Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade IV Histologic rating? - Answer Cells are immature, primitive (anaplasia), and undifferentiated; cell of origin is hard to determine (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade X Histologic rating? - Answer Grade cannot be assessed. What does a Stage 0 cancer indicate? - Answer Cancer in situ. What does a Stage I cancer indicate? - Answer Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth. What does a Stage II cancer indicate? - Answer Limited local spread. What does a Stage III cancer indicate? - Answer Extensive local and regional spread. What does a Stage IV cancer indicate? - Answer Metastasis (spread of the cancer to a distant site.) What should you teach patients and the public about cancer prevention and early detection? - Answer -Limit alcohol use. -Get regular physical activity (e.g., 30 minutes or more of moderate physical activity 5 times weekly.) -Maintain a normal body weight. Hondros Nursing 212 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 | 100% Correct | Graded A+ -Have regular physical examinations. -Obtain regular colorectal screenings. -Avoid cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. -Get regular mammography screening and Pap tests. -Be familiar with your own family history and risk factors for cancer. -Obtain adequate, consistent periods of rest (at least 6 to 8 hours per night.) -Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher. Avoid the use of tanning beds. -Eliminate, reduce or change the perception of stressors and enhance the ability to effectively cope with stress. -Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables and fresh fruits, whole grains, and adequate amounts of fiber. Reduce dietary fat and preservatives, including smoked and salt-cured meats with high nitrate concentrations. What are the warning signs of cancer? - Answer -Change in bowel or bladder habits. -A sore that does not heal. -Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice. -Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere. -Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. -Obvious change in a wart or mole. -Nagging cough or hoarseness. What are some problems caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy? - Answer -Hyperuricemia -Cardiotoxicity -Pericarditis and Myocarditis -Fatigue -Anorexia -Constipation -Diarrhea -Hepatotoxicty -Nausea and Vomiting -Stomatitis, Mucositis, and Esophagitis -Hemorrhagic Cystitis -Nephrotoxicity -Reproductive Problems -Anemia -Leukopenia -Thrombocytopenia -Alopecia -Chemotherapy-Induced Skin Changes -Radiation Skin Changes (dry to moist desquamation) -Cognitive Changes ("chemo brain") -Intracranial Pressure -Peripheral Neuropathy -Pneumonitis What are some examples of oncologic emergencies? - Answer -Spinal Cord Compression -Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) -Third Space Syndrome -Hypercalcemia -Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) -Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) -Cardiac Tamponade -Carotid Artery Rupture What are the manifestations of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome? - Answer -Facial edema, periorbital edema -Distention of veins of head, neck, and chest -Headache- seizures -Mediastinal mass on chest x-ray What are factors that affect how patients cope with cancer? - Answer -Ability to cope with stressful events in the past. -Ability to express feelings and concerns. -Age at the time of diagnosis. -Attitude associated with the cancer. -Availability of significant other. -Disruption of body image. -Extent of disease. -Past experiences with cancer. -Symptoms. In the TNM Classification System, what does TX indicate? - Answer Tumor cannot be measured. In the TNM Classification System, what does T0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of primary tumor (tumor cannot be found.) In the TNM Classification System, what does Tis indicate? - Answer Tumor in situ, meaning only malignant cells only within superficial layer of tissue; no extension into deeper tissue. In the TNM Classification System, what does T1/T2/T3/T4 indicate? - Answer A description of primary tumor based on size and/or invasion into nearby structures; the higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. In the TNM Classification System, what does NX indicate? - Answer Nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated. In the TNM Classification System, what does N0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of cancer cells in regional lymph nodes. In the TNM Classification System, what does N1/N2/N3 indicate? - Answer A description of size, location, and/or number of lymph nodes involved; the higher the N number, the more extensive the lymph node involvement. In the TNM Classification System, what does MX indicate? - Answer Metastasis cannot be evaluated. In the TNM Classification System, what does M0 indicate? - Answer No evidence of metastasis can be found. In the TNM Classification System, what does M1/M2/M3/M4 indicate? - Answer A description of extent of metastasis; the higher the M number, the more extensive the metastasis. What is palliative care? - Answer A holistic approach to care or treatment that focuses on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than trying to delay or reverse the progression of the disease itself or provide a cure. What are the goals of palliative care? - Answer -Regard dying as a normal process. -Provide relief from symptoms, including pain. -Affirm life and neither hasten nor postpone death. -Support holistic patient care and enhance quality of life. -Offer support to patients to live as actively as possible until death. -Offer support to the family during the patient's illness and in their own bereavement. What are the main goals of hospice care? - Answer To assist the patient to live as fully and comfortably as possible while dying with dignity. What is the major difference between palliative care and hospice care? - Answer Palliative care allows a person to simultaneously receive curative and palliative treatments. When does hospice care become an option? - Answer When the physician determines a person has 6 months or less to live and that person or health care proxy decides to forgo curative treatments. What are the goals of end of life care? - Answer -Provide comfort and supportive care during the dying process. -Improve quality of the patient's remaining life. -Help ensure a dignified death. -Provide emotional support to the family. What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the cardiovascular system? - Answer -Increased heart rate, later slowing and weakening of pulse -Irregular rhythm -Decreased BP -Delayed absorption of drugs given IM or subcutaneously What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the gastrointestinal system? - Answer -Slowing or cessation of GI function (may be enhanced by painrelieving drugs) -Gas accumulation -Distention and nausea -Loss of sphincter control, producing incontinence -Bowel movement before imminent death or at time of death What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the integumentary system? - Answer -Mottling on hands, feet, arms and legs -Cold, clammy skin -Cyanosis of nose, nail beds, knees -"Waxlike" skin when very near death What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the musculoskeletal system? - Answer -Gradual loss of ability to move -Sagging of jaw resulting from loss of facial muscle tone -Difficulty speaking -Swallowing becoming more difficult -Difficulty maintaining body posture and allighment -Loss of gag reflex -Jerking seen in patients on high doses of opioids What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the respiratory system? - Answer -Increased respiratory rate -Cheyne-Stokes respiration -Inability to cough or clear secretions resulting in grunting, gurgling, or noisy congested breathing (death rattle or terminal secretions) -Irregular breathing, gradually slowing down to terminal gasps (may be described as guppy breathing) What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the sensory system? - Answer -Hearing usually last sense to disappear -Blurring of vision -Sinking and glazing of eyes -Blink reflex absent -Eyelids stay half-open -Taste and smell become decreased with disease progression -Decreased sensation of pain and touch What are the physical manifestations at end of life related to the urinary system? - Answer -Gradual decrease in urine output -Incontinence of urine -Inability to urinate What are the psychosocial manifestations at end of life? - Answer -Altered decision making -Anxiety about unfinished business -Decreased socialization -Fear of loneliness -Fear of meaninglessness of one's life -Fear of pain -Helplessness -Life review -Peacefulness -Restlessness -Saying goodbyes -Unusual communication -Vision-like experiences -Withdrawal What are the five stages in the Kubler-Ross Model of Grief? - Answer 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance What might a person say while in the Denial stage of grief? - Answer "No, not me, it cannot be true." What might a person say while in the Anger stage of grief? - Answer "Why me?" What might a person say while in the Bargaining stage of grief? - Answer "Yes me, but..." What might a person say while in the Depression stage of grief? - Answer "Yes me, and I am sad." What might a person say while in the Acceptance stage of grief? - Answer "Yes me, but it is okay." How does the nurse manage an individual's psychosocial needs at the end of their life? - Answer -Encourage the dying person and family to share their feelings of sadness, loss, forgiveness and to touch, hug, cry. Allow the patient and family privacy to express their feelings and comfort one another. -Assess spiritual needs. Allow patient to express his or her spiritual needs. -Encourage visit by appropriate spiritual care service provider, chaplain, or family