UGS 303 Review, UGS 303 Ideas of the 20th Century Final (Bonevac), UGS303, Ideas of the 20th Century, UGS Bonevac Quizzes (TEST BANK) GRADED A

If God is dead, Ivan Karamazov insists, everything is permitted An invention of the late 1800s: the light bulb The problem of normativity concerns the gap between is and ought Nietzsche wants science to become more playful Dostoevsky: the vision of the anointed inevitably leads to narcissism A two-level theory includes a deep level that ____ what happens at the surface level. determines and explains Doyle's vision is tragic in that Sherlock Holmes has to make tradeoffs among competing goods, sacrificing one thing to get another Protagoras, in saying "Man is the measure of all things," advocates relativism For Sherlock Holmes, reason ought to be the master of the passions The first Industrial Revolution produced greater income inequality "Turn them into bread, and mankind will run after Thee like a flock of sheep, grateful and obedient." Nietzsche Dostoevsky Doyle Hume Dostoevsky The first photograph was made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 1638 1926 1898 1826 "Never resist temptation: prove all things: hold fast that which is good." Nietzsche Shaw Dostoevsky Hume Shaw "In every system of morality I have met with I have noticed that the author ... suddenly surprises me by moving from propositions with the usual copula 'is' (or 'is not') to ones that are connected by 'ought' (or 'ought not')." Dostoevsky Nietzsche Protagoras Hume Hume "You see things; and you say 'Why?' But I dream things that never were; and I say 'Why not?'" Doyle Dostoevsky Nietzsche Shaw Shaw The decentralized, market-driven evolution of social forces resulting from people's free choices is socialism communism free enterprise idealism free enterprise "Who are these keepers of the mystery who have taken some curse upon themselves for the happiness of mankind?" Hume Doyle Dostoevsky Nietzsche Dostoevsky ". . .'tis the object of feeling, not of reason. It lies in yourself, not in the object." Nietzsche Dostoevsky Hume Doyle Hume "Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it." Hume Shaw Nietzsche Dostoevsky Shaw The only payment Sherlock Holmes requests from the King: his notepaper his ring a charitable donation Irene Adler's photograph Irene Adler's photograph "Because we looked at the world for thousands of years with moral, aesthetic, religious demands, with blind inclination, passion, or fear, and abandoned ourselves to the bad habits of illogical thinking, this world has gradually become so wondrously multicolored, terrible, meaningful, soulful, that it has taken on color—but we have been the colorists." Hume Nietzsche Dostoevsky Hegel Nietzsche J. M. W. Turner's 1838 painting, "The Fighting Temeraire," symbolized the possibility of misinterpretation the contrast between the comprehensible and the incomprehensible the end of the pre-Industrial era the nature of "philosophical instruments" the end of the pre-Industrial era John Szarkowski: "The photographer was tied to the facts of things, and it was his problem to force the facts to" tell a story become beautiful appear to be something else tell the truth tell the truth The New Class (nomenklatura): new members of the bourgeoisie the class of artists and intellectuals the privileged ruling class in a socialist state the proletariat after the revolution the privileged ruling class in a socialist state Around 1900, Democrats became convinced that economic power was centralizing, due to the North's victory in the Civil War World War I the Supreme Court's decision in Lochner v. New York the rise of the corporation the rise of the corporation J. M. W. Turner's 1838 painting, "The Fighting Temeraire," symbolized the possibility of misinterpretation the contrast between the comprehensible and the incomprehensible the end of the pre-Industrial era the nature of "philosophical instruments" the end of the pre-Industrial era John Szarkowski: "The photographer was tied to the facts of things, and it was his problem to force the facts to" tell a story become beautiful appear to be something else tell the truth tell the truth The New Class (nomenklatura): new members of the bourgeoisie the class of artists and intellectuals the privileged ruling class in a socialist state the proletariat after the revolution the privileged ruling class in a socialist state Around 1900, Democrats became convinced that economic power was centralizing, due to the North's victory in the Civil War World War I the Supreme Court's decision in Lochner v. New York the rise of the corporation the rise of the corporation "An action or sentiment, or character is virtuous or vicious; why? Because its view causes a pleasure or uneasiness of a particular kind." Nietzsche Dostoevsky Hume Doyle Hume The decentralized, market-driven evolution of social forces resulting from people's free choices is idealism socialism communism free enterprise free enterprise Locke: Rights you have in the state of nature: your fair share of the goods of society impartial judgment under law life, liberty, and property life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness life, liberty, and property In the 19th Century, both Democrats and Republicans adhered to Henry Clay's "American system" John Stuart Mill's harm principle a libertarian ideal of minimal government bottom-up political ideologies bottom-up political ideologies "Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it." Hume Nietzsche Dostoevsky Shaw Shaw Locke: You would give up your right to ____ to secure ____: liberty; security your own property; a fair distribution of goods execute the law of nature; impartial judgment self-preservation; protection execute the law of nature; impartial judgment Marx: The function of a human being is to glorify God think and speak act according to rational plans make, produce make, produce Yeats sees civilization as fragile and in need of defense weary and beginning to collapse shattered and in need of rebuilding corrupt and built of rotten materials weary and beginning to collapse Robert Putnam's definition of social capital: "the capital freed by the Agricultural Revolution, which made the Industrial Revolution possible" "the financial resources of a community used to promote the common good" "the accumulated wealth of the bourgeoisie" "features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit" "features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit" Among the Central Powers in World War I: Russia Great Britain France Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary "... art can only be violence, cruelty, injustice."A manifesto of Fauvism futurism impressionism the Academy futurism "Consume my heart away; sick with desire And fastened to a dying animal It knows not what it is; and gather me Into the artifice of eternity." Nietzsche Kipling Dostoevsky Yeats Yeats Social networks and associated norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness: liberation civilization cooperation social capital social capital "Activity is the only road to knowledge." Hume Doyle Nietzsche Shaw Shaw Around 1900, Democrats became convinced that economic power was centralizing, due to the North's victory in the Civil War the Supreme Court's decision in Lochner v. New York World War I the rise of the corporation the rise of the corporation "...there can be no ethical propositions." Marx Nietzsche Hume Wittgenstein Wittgenstein "Here was a new generation, shouting the old cries, learning the old creeds, through a revery of long days and nights; destined finally to go out into that dirty gray turmoil to follow love and pride; a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken...." Fitzgerald Eliot Kipling Yeats Fitzgerald "On the first Feminian Sandstones we were promised the Fuller Life (Which started by loving our neighbour and ended by loving his wife)" Kipling Yeats Shaw Auden Kipling These fragments I have shored against my ruins." Shaw Eliot Kipling Yeats Eliot One of the most prominent members of the "Lost Generation": Wittgenstein Fitzgerald Kipling Shaw Fitzgerald "I'm not sure about good and evil at all any more." Dostoevsky Shaw Fitzgerald Nietzsche Fitzgerald The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity." Shaw Kipling Dostoevsky Yeats Yeats "You cannot say, or guess, for you know only A heap of broken images...." Eliot Yeats Kipling Fitzgerald Eliot "I think that life is a very sad piece of buffoonery; because we have in ourselves, without being able to know why, wherefore or whence, the need to deceive ourselves constantly by creating a reality (one for each and never the same for all), which from time to time is discovered to be vain and illusory." Pirandello Shaw Doyle Freud Pirandello "Truth up to a certain point, but no further." Freud Pirandello Eliot Yeats Pirandello "On the first Feminian Sandstones we were promised the Fuller Life (Which started by loving our neighbour and ended by loving his wife)" Shaw Kipling Auden Yeats Kipling A sense organ perceiving data arising elsewhere and admitted as a separate psychic act, according to Freud: the subconscious dreaming consciousness `the superego consciousness "The first thought in setting up an ethical law of the form "thou shalt ..." is: And what if I do not do it." Nietzsche Wittgenstein Hume Marx Wittgenstein "...he lives so as to give a meaning and a value of his own to life." Wittgenstein Hume Pirandello Freud Pirandello "...here, there and a little everywhere": logic illusion reality Dada Dada "Decadence can find agents only when it wears the mask of progress." Shaw Nietzsche Hume Doyle Shaw "In the Carboniferous Epoch we were promised abundance for all, By robbing selected Peter to pay for collective Paul...." Kipling Dostoevsky Shaw Marx Kipling For Pirandello, a mask over a mysterious multiplicity: the conscious mind a social class the subconscious a social role the conscious mind "There were no more wise men; there were no more heroes...." Kipling Fitzgerald Yeats Eliot Fitzgerald "...man's vital framework has a certain influence upon his reception of reality; but this does not mean that this influence or intervention involves alteration of the fabric of reality." Wittgenstein Nietzsche Ortega y Gasset Christie Ortega y Gasset Which is an instrumental good? a virtue pleasure a hammer happiness a hammer Freud responds to challenge posed by unpleasant dreams, such as nightmares, by distinguishing manifest from scientific images manifest from latent content desires from emotions scientific from sociological analyses manifest from latent content "What is good in people — and consequently in the world — is their insistence on creation, their belief in friendship and loyalty for their own sakes." Christie Forster Ortega y Gasset Pirandello Forster Ortega y Gasset rejects realism on the grounds that it makes it impossible to account of natural disasters presupposes the existence of God denies the possibility of multiple perspectives leads inevitably to skepticism leads inevitably to skepticism The immediate cause of World War I: Bulgaria's invasion of Serbia the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand fighting between Germany and Russia at Tannenburg the German invasion of Poland the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand "As an endless dream it went on; the spirit of the past brooding over a new generation, the chosen youth from the muddled, unchastened world, still fed romantically on the mistakes and half-forgotten dreams of dead statesmen and poets." Eliot Fitzgerald Yeats Wittgenstein Fitzgerald "...the dream, in its inmost essence, is the fulfillment of a wish." Yeats Kipling Eliot Freud Freud "Every life is a point of view directed upon the universe. Strictly speaking, what one life sees no other can." Nietzsche Forster Ortega y Gasset Shaw Ortega y Gasset Stalin's collectivization of agriculture slaughtered ten million people; ten million were forced to Siberia, and another ten million were sent to concentration camps. The rest: were charged in show trials became wealthy kulaks lost all property, becoming, in effect, slaves became members of the Party were charged in show trials "If liberalism spells individualism, Fascism spells government." Wilson Mussolini Marx Roosevelt Mussolini "I have, however, to live in an Age of Faith - the sort of epoch I used to hear praised when I was a boy. It is extremely unpleasant really. It is bloody in every sense of the word." Pirandello Christie Kipling Forster Forster "Fascism is therefore opposed to all individualistic abstractions based on eighteenth century materialism...." Mussolini Marx Stalin Roosevelt Mussolini A bottom-up political theory holds that __________ get(s) its rights, freedoms, powers, and privileges from __________. the people; government the people; God government; the people government; the proletariat government; the people Playwright Bertold Brecht's response to the Show Trials, and to the disappearance of his own girlfriend on her return to the Soviet Union: "We were all of us up to the elbows in blood." "You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs." You Answered "Cowardice has become the norm." "The more innocent they are, the more they deserve to die." "Cowardice has become the norm." We are authors of our own meanings and even of our own realities, according to Pirandello Wittgenstein Dostoevsky Freud Pirandello "I had not thought death had undone so many." Fitzgerald Yeats Eliot Kipling Eliot "What is good in people — and consequently in the world — is their insistence on creation, their belief in friendship and loyalty for their own sakes." Forster Pirandello Ortega y Gasset Christie Forster "The Fascist conception of the State is all embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value.Thus understood, Fascism, is totalitarian...." Wilson Marx Lenin Mussolini Mussolini The idealist's central argument against realism: that realism inevitably leads to socialism relativism skepticism totalitarianism skepticism "The nations of this planet are congenitally idealist. Their language and the derivations of their language - religion, letters, metaphysics - all presuppose idealism. The world for them is not a concourse of objects in space; it is a heterogeneous series of independent acts." Wittgenstein Hume Borges Lewis Borges The Gulag Archepelago: Germany's system of death camps a system of prison camps in the Soviet Union the workers' collectives in the USSR a chain of islands in the Pacific a system of prison camps in the Soviet Union "Enchanted by its rigor, humanity forgets over and again that it is a rigor of chess masters, not of angels." Dostoevsky Borges Lewis Camus Borges he goal of the State, according to Hitler: conservation of the racial characteristics of mankind resolution of the class struggle guaranteeing rights to a certain standard of living perfect coordination, as in a beehive conservation of the racial characteristics of mankind "May I, composed like them Of Eros and of dust, Beleaguered by the same Negation and despair, Show an affirming flame." Borges Lewis Yeats Auden Auden André Breton writes: "The imagination is perhaps on the point of reasserting itself, of reclaiming its rights. If the depths of our mind contain within it strange forces capable of augmenting those on the surface, or of waging a victorious battle against them, there is every reason to seize them -- first to seize them, then, if need be, to submit them to the control of our reason." He is expressing his admiration for Freud Nietzsche Hume Wittgenstein Freud Playwright Bertold Brecht's response to the Show Trials, and to the disappearance of his own girlfriend on her return to the Soviet Union: "Cowardice has become the norm." "You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs." "We were all of us up to the elbows in blood." "The more innocent they are, the more they deserve to die." "The more innocent they are, the more they deserve to die." The story of the blind men and the elephant illustrates relativism perspectivism idealism realism perspectivism "In the deserts of the heart Let the healing fountain start, In the prison of his days Teach the free man how to praise." Yeats Borges Auden Eliot Auden This divorce between man and this life, the actor and his setting, is properly the feeling of absurdity." Lewis Bellow Camus Borges Camus "One of these duties of the State is that of caring for those of its citizens who find themselves the victims of such adverse circumstances as make them unable to obtain even the necessities for mere existence without the aid of others...." Mussolini Roosevelt Marx Wilson Roosevelt "I don't know whether this world has a meaning that transcends it. But I know that I do not know that meaning and that it is impossible for me just now to know it." Borges Camus Lewis Bellow Camus "It is useless to answer that reality is also orderly. Perhaps it is, but in accordance with divine laws - I translate: inhuman laws - which we never quite grasp." Nietzsche Borges Auden Camus Borges "Nature only knows one thing, and that's the present. Present, present, eternal present, like a big, huge, giant wave—colossal, bright and beautiful, full of life and death, climbing into the sky, standing in the seas." Lewis Borges Bellow Camus Bellow Antonio Gramsci recommended, as a way of bringing about a communist revolution, Soviet imperialism a democratic labor movement a revolutionary vanguard a long march through the institutions a long march through the institutions The story of the blind men and the elephant illustrates idealism perspectivism realism relativism perspectivism That the world might be different, even though all our perceptions and thoughts of it might be the same, has been taken to show that we must achieve a systematic union of ends knowledge is impossible truth is the limit of all possible perspectives there are mind-independent objects knowledge is impossible The view that government authority is justified if people would, under ideal circumstances, agree to live under it: utilitarianism progressivism entitlement theory social contract theory social contract theory Sorel's revolutionary syndicalism differed from orthodox Marxism in its stress on the power of social myths a revolutionary elite the need for party organization freedom of the will the power of social myths The view that 'murder is wrong' is equivalent to 'I (or we) disapprove of murder' is natural law theory subjectivism noncognitivism idealism subjectivism In response to discovering missile bases under construction in Cuba, President Kennedy decided to invade the island impose a naval blockade apply diplomatic pressure attack the bases by air impose a naval blockade The phrase 'seize the day' comes originally from the book of Ecclesiastes Ovid's Metamorphoses the Confessions of St. Augustine an Ode of Horace an Ode of Horace A distributive injustice, according to Rawls: an inequality greater than might be found in another institutional arrangement an inequality that does not contribute to higher overall welfare an inequality that harms the least advantaged a level of well-being lower than some minimal standard an inequality that harms the least advantaged "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations": postmodernism existentialism progressivism structuralism structuralism Descartes: things I cannot doubt— I believe, I know I doubt, I wonder I feel, I suffer I am, I think I am, I think • "Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life." Karl Marx "Morality, religion, metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding forms of consciousness, thus no longer retain the semblance of independence. They have no history, no development; but men, developing their material production and their material intercourse, alter, along with this their real existence, their thinking and the products of their thinking." Karl Marx "They themselves begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence...." Karl Marx State ownership of the means of production Communism "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs!" Marx on his account to justice Classes are led by parties and parties are led by individuals who are called leaders.... This is the ABC. The will of a class is sometimes fulfilled by a dictator." Lenin "an organization of revolutionaries as an essential factor in 'making' the political revolution" Lenin No movement can be durable without a stable organization of leaders to maintain continuity The organization must consist chiefly of persons engaged in revolutionary activities as a profession In order to rid itself of an unworthy member an organization of genuine revolutionaries recoils from nothing. Lenin's Principles "Without mercy, without sparing, we will kill our enemies in scores of hundreds, let them be thousands, let them drown themselves in their own blood... let there be floods of blood of the bourgeois." Lenin an affirmation of morality, virtue, and ideals—in the face of cynicism Kipling's poems Fragility of civilization Civilization rests on trust, unity of purpose, willingness to use violence The importance and fragility of social capital The first virtue of civilization is to survive Moral complexity: virtue requires tradeoffs, difficult judgments, courage Kipling's Themes Social networks and associated norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness Social Capital Civilization as weary, beginning to collapse nature abhors a vacuum Nostalgia for earlier era (fills the empty space) Yeats Themes TURNING and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity Yeats "America's present need is not heroics but healing, not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration... not surgery but security." Warren G Harding "The chief business of the American people is business." Calvin Coolidge "Economy is idealism in its most practical form." Calvin Coolidge Government's role: to provide a framework within which people can seize opportunities Calvin Coolidge "There is far more danger of harm than there is hope of good in any radical changes." Calvin Coolidge Government activity likely to produce unforeseen negative consequences Calvin Coolidge Man everywhere has an unconquerable desire to be the master of his own destiny. Calvin Coolidge Near-universal literacy, public education, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, popular culture, and professional team sports all arose in the late 1800s the early 1800s the early 1900s the late 1700s the late 1800s Protagoras, in saying "Man is the measure of all things," advocates relativism realism idealism historicism relativism Doyle's vision is tragic in that Sherlock Holmes has to make tradeoffs among competing goods, sacrificing one thing to get another fight against his own pride and forces of nature devote himself to understanding the worst aspects of human nature work with people who cannot understand his thought processes make tradeoffs among competing goods, sacrificing one thing to get another n the 1800s, what percent of the population of Europe moved from the countryside to cities and towns? 40 20 90 60 60 John Szarkowski: "The photographer was tied to the facts of things, and it was his problem to force the facts to" tell the truth appear to be something else become beautiful tell a story tell the truth George Bernard Shaw's golden rule: There are no golden rules Never resist temptation Keep yourself clean and bright Liberty means responsibility There are no golden rules Locke: You would give up your right to ____ to secure ____: self-preservation; protection liberty; security execute the law of nature; impartial judgment your own property; a fair distribution of goods Harding responded to the recession after the end of World War I by increasing taxes cutting federal spending 40% starting jobs programs increasing federal spending 40% cutting federal spending 40% Fitzgerald: "I get to the end of all the logic about non-resistance, and there, like an excluded middle, stands the whole heritage of youth." the splendor and the sadness of the world." the huge spectre of man as he is and always will be." my longing for my lost youth." the huge spectre of man as he is and always will be." Mussolini's establishment of a National Council of Experts, a minimum wage, a retirement system, and high, progressive tax rates helped to inspire Stalin's collectivization program Roosevelt's New Deal The US income tax, established under Wilson Lenin's New Economic Program Roosevelt's New Deal Malcolm Muggeridge, having published Winter in Moscow, critical of Stalin, returned to Great Britain to find he was promoted to editor he had changed British policy toward Stalin he couldn't get a job he had changed British opinion toward Stalin he couldn't get a job Roosevelt's First New Deal included the National Industrial Recovery Act, a National Planning Board, and the National Recovery Administration. NOT an effect of those: a sharp decline in industrial production a minimum wage a decline in unemployment to under 15% limits on working hours a decline in unemployment to under 15% The Nazi Party built its electoral appeal in part by promising middle-class tax cuts inciting street violence and blaming it on the opposition denouncing socialism promising to abide by the Treaty of Versailles inciting street violence and blaming it on the opposition he Ash Can School, the 14th Street School, the WPA Federal Artist Project, and the FSA all exemplify realism cubism pictorialism photo-secession realism The first act of the Weimar Republic was to issue new currency to stop hyperinflation print money to meet war debts sign the Treaty of Versailles adopt the Dawes plan sign the Treaty of Versailles Antonio Gramsci recommended, as a way of bringing about a communist revolution, a long march through the institutions a revolutionary vanguard a democratic labor movement Soviet imperialism a long march through the institutions A movement stressing emotion, intensity, and imagination: existentialism realism romanticism Epicureanism romanticism Should we translate 'gavagai' as 'rabbit,' 'rabbit stage,' 'undetached rabbit part,' 'it's rabbiting,' or 'rabbithood'? Quine answers: we cannot translate native speech into our own language we need to know the natives' metaphysics before deciding there is no fact of the matter the question is meaningless there is no fact of the matter "A practice is just if it is in accordance with the principles which all who participate in it might reasonably be expected to propose or to acknowledge before one another when they are similarly circumstanced and required to make a firm commitment in advance without knowledge of what will be their peculiar condition...." Roosevelt Kennedy Nozick Rawls Rawls The basic question of metaphysics: What is a person? What is there? What should I do? How do I know? What is there? theory of distributive justice focusing solely on levels of inequality would be a historical theory a patterned theory a welfare theory an end-result theory an end-result theory Nozick argues that only historical theories of justice meet people's needs take merit into account respect freedom reduce inequality respect freedom Marx's theory of justice is end-result historical structural patterned patterned Hayek's definition of socialism: dictatorship of the proletariat centralized conscious direction of social forces to consciously chosen ends government ownership of the means of production pursuit of the collective good centralized conscious direction of social forces to consciously chosen ends "Feed men, and then ask of them virtue!" that's what they'll write on the banner...." Fitzgerald Mussolini Shaw Dostoevsky Dostoevsky "There will be thousands of millions of happy babes, and a hundred thousand sufferers who have taken upon themselves the curse of the knowledge of good and evil." Dostoevsky Hume Doyle Nietzsche Dostoevsky "Till our women had no more children and the men lost reason and faith": Doyle Kipling Yeats Apollinaire Yeats "He began for the first time in his life to have a strong distrust of all generalities and epigrams. They were too easy, too dangerous to the public mind. Yet all thought usually reached the public after thirty years in some such form: Benson and Chesterton had popularized Huysmans and Newman; Shaw had sugar-coated Nietzsche and Ibsen and Schopenhauer. The man in the street heard the conclusions of dead genius through some one else's clever paradoxes and didactic epigrams." Fitzgerald Shaw Kipling Marinetti Fitzgerald "Better keep yourself clean and bright: you are the window through which you must see the world." Shaw Doyle Nietzsche Hume Shaw "Nor is there singing school but studying Monuments of its own magnificence...." Shaw Yeats Dostoevsky Kipling Yeats "I read Marx and Bertrand Russell and Morris R. Cohen; I read the logical positivists. I read Freud and Adler and the Gestalt psychologists and the rest.And I know how a modern man is supposed to think....The fact is there are other deeper motives in a human being." Borges Bellow Lewis Camus Bellow The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class." Shaw Mussolini Marx Christie Marx A rat crept softly through the vegetation Dragging its slimy belly on the bank While I was fishing in the dull canal On a winter evening round behind the gashouse Musing upon the king my brother's wreck And on the king my father's death before him." Eliot Kipling Fitzgerald Yeats Eliot "...life is full of infinite absurdities, which, strangely enough, do not even need to appear plausible, since they are true." Pirandello Shaw Freud Eliot Pirandello "Reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions." Doyle Hume Dostoevsky Nietzsche Hume Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Roosevelt Mussolini Wilson Lenin Mussolini Nothing is more seductive for man than his freedom of conscience, but nothing is a greater cause of suffering." Freud Pirandello Didion Dostoevsky Dostoevsky In here, the human bosom—mine, yours, everybody's—there isn't just one soul.There's a lot of souls." Lewis Camus Bellow Borges Bellow An invention of the early 1900s: the telephone the airplane the light bulb the steam engine the airplane If God is dead, Ivan Karamazov insists, knowledge is impossible happiness is unattainable everything is permitted truth is relative everything is permitted John Szarkowski: "The central act of photography, the act of" pressing a button choosing and eliminating choosing an object developing an image choosing and eliminating "... art can only be violence, cruelty, injustice."A manifesto of the Academy Fauvism futurism impressionism futurism Henri Matisse, Marcel Duchamp, Piet Mondrian, and Pablo Picasso are its leading artists: art nouveau luminism impressionism modernism modernism A style of photography valuing self-expression and sentiment, using indistinct tones and soft focus: photo-secession naturalism impressionism pictorialism pictorialism The third section of The Waste Land, The Fire Sermon, models its theme on, and takes its name from, the Sermon on the Mount a sermon of Jonathan Edwards a sermon of Martin Luther a sermon of the Buddha a sermon of the Buddha Wittgenstein's insistence that the world consists of facts, not of things, is a rejection of the correspondence theory of truth Aristotle's theory of substance the picture theory of language Nietzsche's relativism Aristotle's theory of substance What governs the ego: the subconscious the reality principle the death wish the pleasure principle the reality principle For Pirandello, a mask over a mysterious multiplicity: the subconscious the conscious mind a social class a social role the conscious mind The most valuable intrinsic goods, according to G. E. Moore: to glorify God and to enjoy Him forever happiness personal affections and aesthetic enjoyments pleasure and the absence of pain personal affections and aesthetic enjoyments A bottom-up political theory holds that __________ get(s) its rights, freedoms, powers, and privileges from __________. government; the proletariat the people; government government; the people the people; God government; the people Dorothea Lange, Walker Evans, and Russell Lee were prominent photographers working for the Farm Security Administration in modernist advertising exhibited in the Armory show in the Workers' Film and Photo League working for the Farm Security Administration The missing explanation argument: ________ cannot explain ___________. idealism; regularities in experience relativism; the difference between belief and knowledge realism; variations in perception fascism; respect for natural rights idealism; regularities in experience The view that normative statements are not truth-apt: noncognitivism natural law theory idealism subjectivism noncognitivism Quine's denial that seeing our own conceptual scheme from the perspective of others can help us see it for what it is rests on his thought that we cannot stand outside our own conceptual scheme perspectivism is false each scheme carries with it its own conception of truth all conceptual schemes share the same metaphysical outlook we cannot stand outside our own conceptual scheme Reagan: "the nearest thing to eternal life we'll ever see on this earth": a government bureau the United States of America the U. S. military rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness a government bureau Didion is suspicious of any morality that does not relate to happiness survival virtue the ideal good survival "Activity is the only road to knowledge." Nietzsche Shaw Doyle Hume Shaw Progress was a labyrinth ... people plunging blindly in and then rushing wildly back, shouting that they had found it...." Fitzgerald Kipling Wilson Dostoevsky "That the vicissitudes of economic life -- discoveries of raw materials, new technical processes, and scientific inventions -- have their importance, no one denies; but that they suffice to explain human history to the exclusion of other factors is absurd." Marx Roosevelt Mussolini Wilson Mussolini "A man is only as good as what he loves." Bellow Lewis Borges Camus Bellow An invention of the late 1800s: the steam engine the airplane the light bulb the power loom the light bulb The New Class (nomenklatura): the proletariat after the revolution the class of artists and intellectuals the privileged ruling class in a socialist state new members of the bourgeoisie the privileged ruling class in a socialist state Caught between "one logical necessity of Tolstoi's and the other logical necessity of Nietzsche's": Shaw Fitzgerald Yeats Dostoevsky Fitzgerald The prosperity of the 1920s brought with it a pessimism about America and its future a decline in literature and the arts a flowering of literature and the arts political suppression of dissent a flowering of literature and the arts Freud responds to patients suffering from trauma by introducing a new element into the theory: the superego death wish subconscious id death wish Karl Popper criticizes Freud's theory on the ground that it predicts nothing and so has no scientific content later theories reject its central premises Freud's evidence for it relies too heavily on his own practice patients receiving psychoanalysis do no better than those with no treatment at all it predicts nothing and so has no scientific content The Holodomor: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture the Great Purge Stalin's man-made Ukrainian famine Hitler's attempted extermination of the Jews Stalin's man-made Ukrainian famine Keynesian and neoclassical economists tend to agree that, in the face of an economic slowdown, government should cut taxes cut spending raise taxes raise spending cut taxes Brassai's slogan, 'the extraordinary often prowls near the ordinary,' defines Cartier-Bresson's stress on irrationality and contradiction the decisive moment social realism "straight photography" the decisive moment Plato's three parts of the soul: conscious, subconscious, preconscious reason, emotion, desire id, ego, superego spirit, flesh, reason reason, emotion, desire Charles Taylor describes us as "self-interpreting animals," a point Sartre makes by saying we have authenticity being for itself thrownness being in itself being for itself f we translate 'gavagai' as 'rabbit,' Quine argues, we are avoiding metaphysical commitments treating as a noun what is really a verb reading our own conceptual scheme into the native speech justified by our observations of native speech reading our own conceptual scheme into the native speech Part of Roosevelt's Second New Deal: the Social Security system Medicare the income tax Medicaid the Social Security system Part of President Johnson's Great Society program: the Agricultural Adjustment Act the Social Security system the income tax Medicare Medicare Descartes: I am, essentially, a human being a thing that thinks a mind in a body an agent with moral responsibility a thing that thinks Ronald Reagan's view of the central political issue: a crisis of self-confidence self-government vs. rule by an elite the distributed knowledge problem the principal-agent problem self-government vs. rule by an elite The U. S. economy in the late 1970s was characterized by "stagflation": stagnation plus inflation low energy prices rapid growth and low unemployment low interest rates and a booming stock market "stagflation": stagnation plus inflation "How can something develop from its opposite—for example, reason from the unreasonable, feeling from the dead, logic from the illogical, disinterested gaze from covetous wanting, altruism from egoism, truth from error?" Nietzsche Doyle Hume Dostoevsky Nietzsche "And that after this is accomplished, and the brave new world begins When all men are paid for existing and no man must pay for his sins...." Yeats Marx Shaw Kipling Kipling Oh, might I rise again! Might I Throw off the heat of that old wine, See the new morning mass the sky With fairy towers, line on line...." Kipling Fitzgerald Yeats Eliot Fitzgerald "Everything that philosophers say about man is no longer fundamental, but tells us something about the men of a very limited period of time." Doyle Hume Dostoevsky Nietzsche Nietzsche "Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life." Marx Freud Shaw Christie Marx The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle...." Auden Eliot Yeats Kipling Yeats "Civilization is a disease produced by the practice of building societies with rotten material." Nietzsche Shaw Dostoevsky Hume Shaw "Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.": Suffering. Desire. Peace. Give. Be subdued. Be merciful. Think. Speak. Act. Birth. Life. Death. Give. Be subdued. Be merciful. Till our women had no more children and the men lost reason and faith": Doyle Apollinaire Yeats Kipling Kipling "The truth, however ugly in itself, is always curious and beautiful to the seeker after it." Freud Pirandello Christie Ortega y Gasset Christie What does your conscience say?— ?You are to become the person you are." Sellars Dostoevsky Hume Nietzsche Nietzsche "Nothing is more seductive for man than his freedom of conscience, but nothing is a greater cause of suffering." Dostoevsky Doyle Hume Nietzsche Dostoevsky The first photograph was made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1638 1898 1926 1826 1826 Two-level theories change our concept of what it is to be human, because they imply that scientific method is largely irrational we can have objective knowledge there is no God we normally aren't aware of the ultimate explanations of our behavior we normally aren't aware of the ultimate explanations of our behavior Everything is political, according to Hume Dostoevsky Wilson Locke Wilson Aristotle: The function of a human being is to act according to rational plans think and speak glorify God make, produce act according to rational plans Woodrow Wilson: An apt analogy for the State is an organism Newton's physics a parent an ecosystem an organism J. M. W. Turner's painting, The Fighting Temeraire, is an example of The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken Fauvism naturalism expressionism impressionism naturalism A movement rebelling against the Academy, emphasizing effect rather than line and form and showing a fascination with light, motion, and moment: realism naturalism secessionism impressionism impressionism "...the American people are now creating on a vast scale an entirely original social structure," André Siegfried wrote in 1927, as a result of higher education mass production Wilson's progressivism victory in World War I mass production The New York Times commemorated him after his death: he "was better than he knew, for in fact and in the literary sense he invented a generation." Fitzgerald Eliot Wittgenstein Nietzsche Fitzgerald Elected with more than 60% of the popular vote, in the first Presidential election in which women had the right to vote: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Calvin Coolidge Warren G. Harding Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Pirandello sees as reality as irrational, even contradictory wholly rational objective and fully knowable independent of the mind irrational, even contradictory Tristan Tzara writes: "Some people think they can explain rationally, by thought, what they think. But that is extremely relative. Psychoanalysis is a dangerous disease, it puts to sleep the anti-objective impulses of men and systematizes the bourgeoisie. There is no ultimate Truth." He is criticizing _____ and advocating a position similar to that of _________. Hume; Freud Wittgenstein; Hume Freud; Nietzsche Pirandello; Wittgenstein Freud; Nietzsche André Breton writes: "We are still living under the reign of logic: this, of course, is what I have been driving at. But in this day and age logical methods are applicable only to solving problems of secondary interest. The absolute rationalism that is still in vogue allows us to consider only facts relating directly to our experience. Logical ends, on the contrary, escape us." His view here is similar to that of Wittgenstein Eliot Doyle Pirandello Wittgenstein Arguably the first postmodern novel: The Hound of the Baskervilles The Brothers Karamazov The Murder of Roger Ackroyd Man and Superman The Murder of Roger Ackroyd Julien Benda: This "formed the rift whereby civilization slipped into the world": hypocrisy virtue authenticity art hypocrisy Sorel's revolutionary syndicalism differed from orthodox Marxism in its stress on the power of social myths freedom of the will the need for party organization a revolutionary elite the power of social myths In the face of the stock market crash, Herbert Hoover raised taxes and kept wages high cut taxes and allowed wages to fall raised taxes and allowed wages to fall cut taxes and kept wages high raised taxes and kept wages high Lenin responded to a crisis in Soviet agriculture in 1921 by sending troops to the fields to confiscate crops selling Russia's art treasures to raise cash allowing peasant farmers to own land and seek their crops collectivizing agriculture allowing peasant farmers to own land and seek their crops Hitler found his early base of support primarily among union workers university students and professors leaders of German industry government employees university students and professors That the world might be different, even though all our perceptions and thoughts of it might be the same, has been taken to show that knowledge is impossible we must achieve a systematic union of ends truth is the limit of all possible perspectives there are mind-independent objects knowledge is impossible "I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace," Franklin Delano Roosevelt said of Stalin Mussolini Churchill Hitler Stalin The view that 'murder is wrong' is equivalent to 'I (or we) disapprove of murder' is subjectivism noncognitivism natural law theory idealism subjectivism Postmodernists generally hold that reason must control desire and emotion is the best tool for attaining progress is only one among several ways of attaining truth a tool by which some groups oppress others a tool by which some groups oppress others Rawls's veil of ignorance: those choosing principles of justice in an ideal circumstance should NOT know relevant facts about economics, society, and politics whether everyone would benefit from the arrangement their natural abilities, propensities, or conception of the good what authority they would not would not grant to government their natural abilities, propensities, or conception of the good Descartes: things I cannot doubt— I am, I think I believe, I know I doubt, I wonder I feel, I suffer I am, I think Margaret Thatcher: "the problem with socialism is that eventually you run out of other people's money your plans do not match reality people refuse to follow your orders you encounter questions you cannot answer you run out of other people's money "Reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions." Hume Dostoevsky Doyle Nietzsche Hume "For the secret of man's being is not only to live but to have something to live for." Nietzsche Doyle Hume Dostoevsky Dostoevsky "Everything, however, became what it is. There are no eternal facts. There are no absolute truths." Nietzsche Dostoevsky Doyle Hume Nietzsche "Man was created a rebel; and how can rebels be happy?" Nietzsche Dostoevsky Marx Shaw Dostoevsky "You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths." Nietzsche Mussolini Marx Freud Marx "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold...." Kipling Yeats Dostoevsky Shaw Yeats "There were no more wise men; there were no more heroes...." Yeats Fitzgerald Kipling Eliot Fitzgerald "I don't want to repeat my innocence. I want the pleasure of losing it again." Fitzgerald Kipling Shaw Yeats Fitzgerald "...life is full of infinite absurdities, which, strangely enough, do not even need to appear plausible, since they are true." Shaw Freud Pirandello Eliot Pirandello "The truth, however ugly in itself, is always curious and beautiful to the seeker after it." Ortega y Gasset Christie Freud Pirandello Christie "He loved them. One and all, he passionately loved them.They were his brothers and sisters. He was imperfect and disfigured himself, but what difference did that make if he was united with them by this blaze of love?" Borges Camus Lewis Bellow Bellow "As an endless dream it went on; the spirit of the past brooding over a new generation, the chosen youth from the muddled, unchastened world, still fed romantically on the mistakes and half-forgotten dreams of dead statesmen and poets." Fitzgerald Eliot Wittgenstein Yeats Fitzgerald "What does your conscience say?— ?You are to become the person you are." Sellars Nietzsche Hume Dostoevsky Nietzsche "For having begun to build their tower of Babel without us, they will end, of course, with cannibalism." Doyle Dostoevsky Nietzsche Hume Dostoevsky "You see things; and you say 'Why?' But I dream things that never were; and I say 'Why not?'" Nietzsche Doyle Dostoevsky Shaw Shaw "Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre, And be the singing-masters of my soul." Nietzsche Yeats Kipling Dostoevsky Yeats "Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie." [The Prince of Aquitaine to the ruined tower.] Yeats Kipling Eliot Fitzgerald Eliot '"I know myself," he cried, "but that is all."' Yeats Kipling Dostoevsky Fitzgerald Fitzgerald And all will be happy, all the millions of creatures except the hundred thousand who rule over them." Nietzsche Marx Freud Dostoevsky Dostoevsky "In any moment of quiet, when sheer fatigue prevented him from struggling, he was apt to feel this mysterious weight, this growth or collection of nameless things which it was the business of his life to carry about.That must be what a man was for." Borges Bellow Lewis Camus Bellow The first photograph was made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1638 1898 1926 1826 1826 Aristotle: The function of a human being is to act according to rational plans think and speak glorify God make, produce act according to rational plans "...the American people are now creating on a vast scale an entirely original social structure," André Siegfried wrote in 1927, as a result of higher education mass production Wilson's progressivism victory in World War I mass production Arguably the first postmodern novel: The Hound of the Baskervilles The Brothers Karamazov The Murder of Roger Ackroyd Man and Superman The Murder of Roger Ackroyd Julien Benda: This "formed the rift whereby civilization slipped into the world": hypocrisy virtue authenticity art hypocrisy In the face of the stock market crash, Herbert Hoover raised taxes and kept wages high cut taxes and allowed wages to fall raised taxes and allowed wages to fall cut taxes and kept wages high raised taxes and kept wages high Lenin responded to a crisis in Soviet agriculture in 1921 by sending troops to the fields to confiscate crops selling Russia's art treasures to raise cash allowing peasant farmers to own land and seek their crops collectivizing agriculture allowing peasant farmers to own land and seek their crops That the world might be different, even though all our perceptions and thoughts of it might be the same, has been taken to show that knowledge is impossible we must achieve a systematic union of ends truth is the limit of all possible perspectives there are mind-independent objects knowledge is impossible "Reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions." Hume Dostoevsky Doyle Nietzsche Hume "You see things; and you say 'Why?' But I dream things that never were; and I say 'Why not?'" Nietzsche Doyle Dostoevsky Shaw Shaw The first Industrial Revolution produced increases in the cost of goods greater income inequality decreased death rates widespread hunger greater income inequality Locke's doctrine of inalienable, natural rights, according to Wilson: a form of religious oppression nonsense, mere vague sentiment the essence of Constitutional government the foundation of a free society nonsense, mere vague sentiment J. M. W. Turner's painting, The Fighting Temeraire, is an example of The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken naturalism impressionism expressionism Fauvism naturalism In The Waste Land, what the thunder said: Da Burning burning burning burning Shantih. Shantih. Shantih. Co co rico co co rico Da Kolakowski: "probably the most massive war-like operation ever conducted by a state against its own citizens." the Holocaust the Holodomor the invasion of Poland Stalin's collectivization of agriculture Stalin's collectivization of agriculture Ansel Adams, Edward Weston, and Tina Modotti were prominent photographers defining the style: California Modern Photo-Secession Cubism Pictorialism California Modern Rawls's first principle: inqualities should be arranged to be to everyone's advantage everyone must benefit from the arrangement of social institutions inequalities must be attached to positions and offices open to all Each should have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for others Each should have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for others "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations": postmodernism progressivism structuralism existentialism structuralism "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to ensure the survival and success of liberty." This expresses the foreign policy doctrine of John F. Kennedy Harry Truman John Quincy Adams Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy "Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will be America's heart, her benedictions and her prayers.... She goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own." This expresses the foreign policy doctrine of John Quincy Adams Harry Truman John F. Kennedy Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower Federal government spending, as a proportion of the economy, has risen from a historical base of around 3% from 1790 to 1914 to around _____ today. 10% 24% 45% 60% 24% "How can something develop from its opposite—for example, reason from the unreasonable, feeling from the dead, logic from the illogical, disinterested gaze from covetous wanting, altruism from egoism, truth from error?" Dostoevsky Hume Doyle Nietzsche Nietzsche "He loved them. One and all, he passionately loved them.They were his brothers and sisters. He was imperfect and disfigured himself, but what difference did that make if he was united with them by this blaze of love?" Borges Lewis Bellow Camus Bellow What does your conscience say?— ?You are to become the person you are." Dostoevsky Hume Nietzsche Sellars Nietzsche If you can dream—and not make dreams your master; If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim...." Yeats Kipling Doyle Shaw Kipling That the vicissitudes of economic life -- discoveries of raw materials, new technical processes, and scientific inventions -- have their importance, no one denies; but that they suffice to explain human history to the exclusion of other factors is absurd." Marx Wilson Roosevelt Mussolini Mussolini "An action or sentiment, or character is virtuous or vicious; why? Because its view causes a pleasure or uneasiness of a particular kind." Nietzsche Doyle Dostoevsky Hume Hume "The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned...." Apollinaire Shaw Kipling Yeats Yeats ...waiving the antitheses and approaching individually these men who seemed to be the leaders, he was repelled by the discrepancies and contradictions in the men themselves." Shaw Nietzsche Lenin Fitzgerald Fitzgerald "Every man realizes that he has to love something or somebody. He feels that he must go outward." Camus Borges Bellow Lewis Bellow Borges I leave to the various futures (not to all) my garden of forking paths. Ortega y Gasset Every life is a point of view directed upon the universe. Lewis For every one pupil who needs to be guarded from a weak excess of sensibility there are three who need to be awakened from the slumber of cold vulgarity. Hayek There are an infinite number of good things... any one of them can be achieved only at the sacrifice of others. Borges "A labyrinth of symbols," he corrected. "An invisible labyrinth of time." Ortega y Gasset Spinoza's specie aeternitatis, a ubiquitous and absolute point of view, has no existence on its own account: it is a fictitious and abstract point of view. Lewis And all the time — such is the tragicomedy of our situation — we continue to clamour for those very qualities we are rendering impossible Rawls Each person participating in a practice, or affected by it, has an equal right to most extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty for all. Hayek The more the state 'plans,' the more difficult planning becomes for the individual. Rawls Every party must gain from the inequality Ortega y Gasset Two men may look, from different view-points, at the same landscape. Yet they do not see the same thing Hayek The question is whether it shall be we who decide what is more, and what is less, important for us, or whether this is to be decided by the planner. Hayek Socialism requires the general acceptance of a common Weltanschuung, of a common set of values. Borges From this broken state I passed into an almost abject felicity. I told myself that the duel had already begun and that I had won the first encounter by frustrating, even if for forty minutes, even if by a stroke of fate, the attack of my adversary. Rawls The representative man in every office or position defined by a practice, when he views it as a going concern, must find it reasonable to prefer his condition and prospects with the inequality to what they would be under the practice without it. Lewis The head rules the belly through the chest. Lewis It may even be said that it is by this middle element that man is man: for by his intellect he is mere spirit and by his appetite mere animal. Borges For one of those gnostics, the visible universe was an illusion or (more precisely) a sophism. Mirrors and fatherhood are abominable because they multiply and disseminate that universe. Hayek Although the professed aim of planning would be that man should cease to be a mere means, in fact— since it would be impossible to take account in the plan of individual likes and dislikes—the individual would more than ever become a mere means, to be used by the authority in the service of such abstractions as the 'social welfare' or 'the good of the community.' Lewis It still remains true that no justification of virtue will enable a man to be virtuous. Without the aid of trained emotions the intellect is powerless against the animal organism. Borges I argued that this slightest of victories foreshadowed a total victory. I argued (no less fallaciously) that my cowardly felicity proved that I was a man capable of carrying out the adventure successfully. Borges The world for them is not a concourse of objects in space; it is a heterogeneous series of independent acts. Lewis Until quite modern times all teachers and even all men believed the universe to be such that certain emotional reactions on our part could be either congruous or incongruous to it — believed, in fact, that objects did not merely receive, but could merit., our approval or disapproval, our reverence or our contempt. Rawls Persons engaged in a just, or fair, practice can face one another openly and support their respective positions, should they appear questionable, by reference to principles which it is reasonable to expect each to accept Hayek To produce the same result for different people, it is necessary to treat them differently. Borges The author of an atrocious undertaking ought to imagine that he has already accomplished it, ought to impose upon himself a future as irrevocable as the past. Hayek The tragedy of collectivist thought is that, while it starts out to make reason supreme, it ends by destroying reason because it misconceives the process on which reason depends. Rawls An inequality is allowed only if there is reason to believe that the practice with the inequality, or resulting in it, will work for the advantage of every party engaging in it. Hayek Terms such as 'Common good' and 'general welfare' have no sufficiently definite meaning to determine a particular course of action. Ortega y Gasset A reality which remained the same from whatever point of view it was observed would be a ridiculous conception Rawls The restrictions which would so arise might be thought of as those a person would keep in mind if he were designing a practice in which his enemy were to assign him his place. Ortega y Gasset Perspective is one of the component parts of reality. Ortega y Gasset All life means finding oneself in "circumstances" or in the world around us.