A LEVEL BIOLOGY: 25 Mark essays
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms - Answer-*Enzyme properties
and digestion
*Antigens, antibodies, B cells & T cells
*Structure of DNA
*DNA replication
*Transcription and translation
*Restriction enzymes
*Muscle contraction
*Action potentials and synaptic transmission
*Control of blood glucose concentration
How bacteria can affect the lives of humans and other organisms - Answer-*Pathogens
*Resistance to antibiotics
*Carbon cycle
*Nitrogen cycle
*Eutrophication
*Use of bacterial enzymes (restriction endonuclease, DNA polymerase for PCR)
*Use of bacterial plasmids
The importance of receptors in living organisms - Answer-*Immune system (receptor proteins in
T-cells, primary response, secondary response)
*Nerve Impulses (Action potentials, pacinian corpuscle, synapses, thermoreceptors, light
receptors)
*Survival and response (tropisms, auxins, kineses, taxis)
*Homeostasis (temperature, pH, glucose)
*Control of heart rate (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors)
The importance of movement in living organisms - Answer-*DNA replication
*Gas exchange (single celled, insects, fish, plant, human)
*Evolution/speciation (species isolated, sympatric speciation, allele freq changes, physical
barrier)
*Mass transport (water in plants, mammalian circulation, haemoglobin)
*Protein synthesis (transcription, translation)
*Meiosis (2 nuclear divisions)
, *Transport across membranes (active transport, cotransport, osmosis, diffusion)
The causes of disease in humans - Answer-*Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, damage cells,
produce toxins, viruses replicate inside host cells, MRSA)
*Lifestyle (smoking, pollution, cancer, heart disease, radiation asthma, emphysema)
*HIV (AIDs, replicated inside T-cells, no cure)
*Genetics (non-functional enzymes, cell cycle, gene mutations, proto-oncogenes, tumour
suppressor genes)
Polymers have different structures and functions. Describe how structures are related to
functions. - Answer-*Storage molecules (Control of blood glucose, glycogen, starch)
*Informational molecules (enzymes, RNA, Antibodies, DNA)
*Structural molecules (cellulose, structural proteins, keratin, collagen
The importance to humans of the control of growth, reproduction and development, including
themselves. - Answer-*Genetics- prediction of inherited conditions (Hardy-Weinberg principle,
Chi squared test, sex linkage, multiple alleles, epistasis, ratios, chances of inheriting particular
phenotypes, autosomal linkage)
*Succession (primary succession, pioneer species, thin soil, diversity, secondary succession,
already soil layer, preventing succession to preserve ecosystem, conservation)
*Pathogens and antibiotic resistance (Aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of microbe
cultures, immunity, vaccines
*Human influence on biodiversity (Conservation, fertilisers, eutrophication, farming practices)
*Selective breeding and farming practices (pest control, more for human consumption,
productivity, efficiency)
*Regulation of gene expression, mitosis, cancer (mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumour
suppressor genes, gene therapy, radiotherapy)
The importance of responses to changes in the external and internal environment of an
organism. - Answer-*Immune response (cellular- phagocytes, T cells, primary/secondary,
humoral- antibodies, B-cells)
*Transpiration (humidity, water potentials, mesophyll cells, xylem, transpiration pull)
*Adaptation and selection (abiotic conditions, niches, biotic conditions)
*Control of heart rate (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)
*Homeostasis (temperature, glucose, negative feeback)
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms - Answer-*Enzyme properties
and digestion
*Antigens, antibodies, B cells & T cells
*Structure of DNA
*DNA replication
*Transcription and translation
*Restriction enzymes
*Muscle contraction
*Action potentials and synaptic transmission
*Control of blood glucose concentration
How bacteria can affect the lives of humans and other organisms - Answer-*Pathogens
*Resistance to antibiotics
*Carbon cycle
*Nitrogen cycle
*Eutrophication
*Use of bacterial enzymes (restriction endonuclease, DNA polymerase for PCR)
*Use of bacterial plasmids
The importance of receptors in living organisms - Answer-*Immune system (receptor proteins in
T-cells, primary response, secondary response)
*Nerve Impulses (Action potentials, pacinian corpuscle, synapses, thermoreceptors, light
receptors)
*Survival and response (tropisms, auxins, kineses, taxis)
*Homeostasis (temperature, pH, glucose)
*Control of heart rate (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors)
The importance of movement in living organisms - Answer-*DNA replication
*Gas exchange (single celled, insects, fish, plant, human)
*Evolution/speciation (species isolated, sympatric speciation, allele freq changes, physical
barrier)
*Mass transport (water in plants, mammalian circulation, haemoglobin)
*Protein synthesis (transcription, translation)
*Meiosis (2 nuclear divisions)
, *Transport across membranes (active transport, cotransport, osmosis, diffusion)
The causes of disease in humans - Answer-*Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, damage cells,
produce toxins, viruses replicate inside host cells, MRSA)
*Lifestyle (smoking, pollution, cancer, heart disease, radiation asthma, emphysema)
*HIV (AIDs, replicated inside T-cells, no cure)
*Genetics (non-functional enzymes, cell cycle, gene mutations, proto-oncogenes, tumour
suppressor genes)
Polymers have different structures and functions. Describe how structures are related to
functions. - Answer-*Storage molecules (Control of blood glucose, glycogen, starch)
*Informational molecules (enzymes, RNA, Antibodies, DNA)
*Structural molecules (cellulose, structural proteins, keratin, collagen
The importance to humans of the control of growth, reproduction and development, including
themselves. - Answer-*Genetics- prediction of inherited conditions (Hardy-Weinberg principle,
Chi squared test, sex linkage, multiple alleles, epistasis, ratios, chances of inheriting particular
phenotypes, autosomal linkage)
*Succession (primary succession, pioneer species, thin soil, diversity, secondary succession,
already soil layer, preventing succession to preserve ecosystem, conservation)
*Pathogens and antibiotic resistance (Aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of microbe
cultures, immunity, vaccines
*Human influence on biodiversity (Conservation, fertilisers, eutrophication, farming practices)
*Selective breeding and farming practices (pest control, more for human consumption,
productivity, efficiency)
*Regulation of gene expression, mitosis, cancer (mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumour
suppressor genes, gene therapy, radiotherapy)
The importance of responses to changes in the external and internal environment of an
organism. - Answer-*Immune response (cellular- phagocytes, T cells, primary/secondary,
humoral- antibodies, B-cells)
*Transpiration (humidity, water potentials, mesophyll cells, xylem, transpiration pull)
*Adaptation and selection (abiotic conditions, niches, biotic conditions)
*Control of heart rate (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)
*Homeostasis (temperature, glucose, negative feeback)
