English
sábado, 3 de junho de 2023 18:02
Referência do guia de estudo
Livro: Ciência Psicológica
How does the nervous system operate?
→ The nervous system is responsible for everything people think, feel or do. Essentially, each
of us is a nervous system. The basic units of this system are nerve cells, called neurons.
These cells receive, integrate and transmit information in the nervous system. Complex
networks of neurons sending and receiving signals constitute the functional basis of all
psychological activity.
→ The nervous system has two basic divisions
– The nervous system as a whole is divided into two basic units: the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord, both of which contain massive numbers of
neurons.
– The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all other nerve cells found in
the rest of the body. The CNS and PNS are anatomically separate, however their
functions are very interdependent.
– The PNS includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
The somatic component of the PNS is involved in voluntary behavior, such as
when you reach for an object to see how it feels. The autonomic component of the
PNS is responsible for your body's less voluntary actions, such as controlling your
heart rate and other bodily functions.
→ Neurons are specialized for communication
– Neurons are specialized for communication. In other words, unlike other cells in
the body, nerve cells are excitable. They are powered by electrical impulses and
communicate with other nerve cells through chemical signals.
→ TYPES OF NEURONS - The three basic types of neurons are sensory neurons,
motoneurons and interneurons. Sensory neurons detect information from the
physical world and transmit it throughout the brain, generally via the spinal cord.
1. Sensory - The sensory nerves that provide information from the skin and muscles
are called somatosensory nerves.
2. Motoneurons - Motoneurons determine the contraction or relaxation of muscles,
thus producing movement.
3. Interneurons - Interneurons communicate in local or short-distance circuits. In
other words, they integrate neural activity within a single area instead of
transmitting information to other brain structures or body organs.
– Sensory neurons and motoneurons work together to control movement.
For example, when using a pen to take notes while reading this text, you contract
and relax the muscles in your hand and fingers to adjust the pressure exerted by
your fingers on the pen. When you want to use a pen, your brain sends a message
via motoneurons to the muscles in your fingers to move them in specific ways.
Receptors in your skin and muscles send messages back through sensory
neurons to help determine how much pressure is needed to hold the pen. This
symphony of neural communication for a task as simple as using a pen is
remarkable, yet most of us use motor control so easily that we rarely think about it.
In fact, our reflexes, automatic motor responses, occur before we even think about
them. For every reflex action, a handful of neurons just convert sensation into
action.
Página 1 de Neurociências
, → NEURON STRUCTURE - In addition to performing different functions, neurons exhibit a
wide range of shapes and sizes. A typical neuron has four structural regions that participate
in communication functions: the dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and the terminal
buttons.
→ The resting membrane potential is negatively charged.
Página 2 de Neurociências
sábado, 3 de junho de 2023 18:02
Referência do guia de estudo
Livro: Ciência Psicológica
How does the nervous system operate?
→ The nervous system is responsible for everything people think, feel or do. Essentially, each
of us is a nervous system. The basic units of this system are nerve cells, called neurons.
These cells receive, integrate and transmit information in the nervous system. Complex
networks of neurons sending and receiving signals constitute the functional basis of all
psychological activity.
→ The nervous system has two basic divisions
– The nervous system as a whole is divided into two basic units: the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord, both of which contain massive numbers of
neurons.
– The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all other nerve cells found in
the rest of the body. The CNS and PNS are anatomically separate, however their
functions are very interdependent.
– The PNS includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
The somatic component of the PNS is involved in voluntary behavior, such as
when you reach for an object to see how it feels. The autonomic component of the
PNS is responsible for your body's less voluntary actions, such as controlling your
heart rate and other bodily functions.
→ Neurons are specialized for communication
– Neurons are specialized for communication. In other words, unlike other cells in
the body, nerve cells are excitable. They are powered by electrical impulses and
communicate with other nerve cells through chemical signals.
→ TYPES OF NEURONS - The three basic types of neurons are sensory neurons,
motoneurons and interneurons. Sensory neurons detect information from the
physical world and transmit it throughout the brain, generally via the spinal cord.
1. Sensory - The sensory nerves that provide information from the skin and muscles
are called somatosensory nerves.
2. Motoneurons - Motoneurons determine the contraction or relaxation of muscles,
thus producing movement.
3. Interneurons - Interneurons communicate in local or short-distance circuits. In
other words, they integrate neural activity within a single area instead of
transmitting information to other brain structures or body organs.
– Sensory neurons and motoneurons work together to control movement.
For example, when using a pen to take notes while reading this text, you contract
and relax the muscles in your hand and fingers to adjust the pressure exerted by
your fingers on the pen. When you want to use a pen, your brain sends a message
via motoneurons to the muscles in your fingers to move them in specific ways.
Receptors in your skin and muscles send messages back through sensory
neurons to help determine how much pressure is needed to hold the pen. This
symphony of neural communication for a task as simple as using a pen is
remarkable, yet most of us use motor control so easily that we rarely think about it.
In fact, our reflexes, automatic motor responses, occur before we even think about
them. For every reflex action, a handful of neurons just convert sensation into
action.
Página 1 de Neurociências
, → NEURON STRUCTURE - In addition to performing different functions, neurons exhibit a
wide range of shapes and sizes. A typical neuron has four structural regions that participate
in communication functions: the dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and the terminal
buttons.
→ The resting membrane potential is negatively charged.
Página 2 de Neurociências
