D265 - STUDY GUIDE |QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS| 2024 LATEST UPDATE
Proposition - (correct answer) are expressed in sentences that can be either true or
false.
Non-proposition - (correct answer) are expressed in sentences that cannot be either
true or false.
Argument - (correct answer) A statement put forth and supported by evidence
Non-Argument - (correct answer) does not attempt to persuade you of a conclusion
through reasoning, and thus doesn't qualify as part of an argument
Premise Indicator words - (correct answer) because, for, given that, as, since, as
indicated by
Conclusion Indicator words - (correct answer) therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we
may conclude that, as a result
Deductive Arguments - (correct answer) guarantee the truth of the conclusion
Deductive Arguments example - (correct answer) all fruits are sweet.
tomatoes are fruit.
therefore, tomatoes are sweet.
Valid Argument - (correct answer) premises are true = conclusion must be true
Valid Argument examples - (correct answer) Ralph is a dog. Dogs are not allowed
on rollercoasters. Therefore, Ralph is not allowed on rollercoasters.
Invalid Argument - (correct answer) a deductive argument that does not offer
logically conclusive support for the conclusion
Invalid Arguments Examples - (correct answer) Everything I touch turns to gold.
Your dog is a thing I can touch.
Therefor, if I touch your dog, it will turn to gold.
Sound Argument - (correct answer) valid with true premise
Sound Argument Examples - (correct answer) All people will die. Trump is a person.
Trump will die.
Unsound Argument - (correct answer) a deductive argument that is invalid, has one
or more false premises, or both
, Unsound Argument Examples - (correct answer) All cats are mammals. All
mammals are animals. Therefore, all cats are dogs.
Inductive Arguments - (correct answer) give probable support to the conclusion
Inductive Arguments examples - (correct answer) it looks like a duck.
it quacks like a duck.
therefore, it probably is a duck.
Strong Arguments - (correct answer) premises are true = conclusion likely to be true
Strong Arguments Example - (correct answer) Most employees of this company are
under 30 years old. Tom is an employee of this company. Therefore, Tom is probably
under 30 years old.
Weak Arguments - (correct answer) non deductive argument that fails to provide
support for the conclusion
Weak Arguments Examples - (correct answer) Charlie is a woman. Some woman
like poetry. Therefore, Charlie likes poetry.
Cognet Arguments - (correct answer) strong and has true premises
Cognet Arguments Example - (correct answer) Patrick was born in North America
and Patrick wasn't born in Mexico. It's thus quite probable that Patrick was born in the
USA.
Uncogent - (correct answer) an argument that is either weak or strong with at least
one false premise
Uncogent examples - (correct answer) All previous American presidents were
women. Therefore, probably the next American president will be a woman.
Formal Fallacies - (correct answer) bad because of their structure.
Informal Fallacies - (correct answer) bad because of their content.
Antecedent - (correct answer) the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers
Consequent - (correct answer) happening as a result of something
Modus Ponens - (correct answer) deductive argument using rule of inference
Modus Ponens Example - (correct answer) If today is Tuesday, then John will go to
work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, John will go to work.
COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS| 2024 LATEST UPDATE
Proposition - (correct answer) are expressed in sentences that can be either true or
false.
Non-proposition - (correct answer) are expressed in sentences that cannot be either
true or false.
Argument - (correct answer) A statement put forth and supported by evidence
Non-Argument - (correct answer) does not attempt to persuade you of a conclusion
through reasoning, and thus doesn't qualify as part of an argument
Premise Indicator words - (correct answer) because, for, given that, as, since, as
indicated by
Conclusion Indicator words - (correct answer) therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we
may conclude that, as a result
Deductive Arguments - (correct answer) guarantee the truth of the conclusion
Deductive Arguments example - (correct answer) all fruits are sweet.
tomatoes are fruit.
therefore, tomatoes are sweet.
Valid Argument - (correct answer) premises are true = conclusion must be true
Valid Argument examples - (correct answer) Ralph is a dog. Dogs are not allowed
on rollercoasters. Therefore, Ralph is not allowed on rollercoasters.
Invalid Argument - (correct answer) a deductive argument that does not offer
logically conclusive support for the conclusion
Invalid Arguments Examples - (correct answer) Everything I touch turns to gold.
Your dog is a thing I can touch.
Therefor, if I touch your dog, it will turn to gold.
Sound Argument - (correct answer) valid with true premise
Sound Argument Examples - (correct answer) All people will die. Trump is a person.
Trump will die.
Unsound Argument - (correct answer) a deductive argument that is invalid, has one
or more false premises, or both
, Unsound Argument Examples - (correct answer) All cats are mammals. All
mammals are animals. Therefore, all cats are dogs.
Inductive Arguments - (correct answer) give probable support to the conclusion
Inductive Arguments examples - (correct answer) it looks like a duck.
it quacks like a duck.
therefore, it probably is a duck.
Strong Arguments - (correct answer) premises are true = conclusion likely to be true
Strong Arguments Example - (correct answer) Most employees of this company are
under 30 years old. Tom is an employee of this company. Therefore, Tom is probably
under 30 years old.
Weak Arguments - (correct answer) non deductive argument that fails to provide
support for the conclusion
Weak Arguments Examples - (correct answer) Charlie is a woman. Some woman
like poetry. Therefore, Charlie likes poetry.
Cognet Arguments - (correct answer) strong and has true premises
Cognet Arguments Example - (correct answer) Patrick was born in North America
and Patrick wasn't born in Mexico. It's thus quite probable that Patrick was born in the
USA.
Uncogent - (correct answer) an argument that is either weak or strong with at least
one false premise
Uncogent examples - (correct answer) All previous American presidents were
women. Therefore, probably the next American president will be a woman.
Formal Fallacies - (correct answer) bad because of their structure.
Informal Fallacies - (correct answer) bad because of their content.
Antecedent - (correct answer) the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers
Consequent - (correct answer) happening as a result of something
Modus Ponens - (correct answer) deductive argument using rule of inference
Modus Ponens Example - (correct answer) If today is Tuesday, then John will go to
work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, John will go to work.
