Biol 203 Microbiology Final Exam 2024

Bactericidal - kills bacteria antibiotic resistance - Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture. broad spectrum antibiotics - affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria Narrow spectrum antibiotics - Effective against specific bacteria Sensitivity - Ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others subunit vaccines - use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response monoclonal antibody - antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy hybridoma - a cell hybrid produced in vitro by the fusion of a lymphocyte that produces antibodies and a myeloma tumor cell in order to produce a continuous supply of a specific antibody. ELISA - screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream bacteriostatic - inhibits bacterial growth antibiotic - a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections selective toxicity - A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host adjuvant - drugs typically used for other purposes, but also used to enhance the effect of opioids by providing additional pain relief Penicillin was considered a "miracle drug" for what reasons? - Prevents the bacteria from synthesizing peptidoglycan, a molecule in the cell wall that provides the wall with the strength it needs to survive in the human body. The drug greatly weakens the cell wall and causes bacteria to die, allowing a person to recover from a bacterial infection. Inventor: Alexander Fleming Drug: Amoxicillin -first antibiotic Commercially available antimicrobial agents (i.e., antibiotics) are effective against what? - bacterial infections or bacteria The antibiotic tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome and this does what? - inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. or prevent peptide bond formation The antibiotic cycloheximide binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and this does what? - prevent attachment of tRNA What does a zone of inhibition tell you about the effectiveness of an antibiotic? - If the observed zone of inhibition is greater than or equal to the size of the standard zone, the microorganism is considered to be sensitive to the antibiotic. Conversely, if the observed zone of inhibition is smaller than the standard size, the microorganism is considered to be resistant. Niclosamide prevents ATP generation in mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against what? - helminths The antibiotic actinomycin D binds between adjacent G-C pairs, thus interfering with what? - transcription Rifamycin is an antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis which is what type or mode of action? - bactericidal action Antiviral drugs that effectively block the release of viral progeny from the infected cell(s) are compounds that do what? - ?? Protease inhibitors (virus must cleave proteins to make viral progeny; inhibit viral protease) -Indinavir: HIV or Fusion inhibitors (block cell fusion and viral entry) -Zanamivir: influenza -Block CCR5: HIV Antiviral compounds that target the cell's receptors often are referred to as what? - Entry inhibitors - target the cells receptors -amantadine: influenza The path of light through the compound microscope - light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens The steps of the Gram stain - 1. prepare slide 2. put crystal violet on. wait 60 seconds. rinse under water 3. put iodine one. wait 60 seconds. rinse under water