APHY102 FINAL EXAM SG
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
The Hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act?
A hormone is a molecule secreted into the bloodstream. They act on target cells that have specific
receptors for that hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
Compare:
Both insulin and glucagon are proteins that stimulate the liver and also convert noncarbohydrates
into glucose.
Contrast:
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, while Insulin stimulates the liver
to form glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones?
Pheromones are a type of hormone that is mainly for the purpose of attracting others and are a big
part of the deciding factor in how they act around you.
Hormones in general are your body's way of regulating your levels and systems.
How is inhibin used in the body?
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents the over-secretion of
FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It
is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell. Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus?
In diabetes mellitus, the level of glucose in your blood, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your
kidneys try to remove the extra glucose by passing it in your urine.
In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly
concentrate urine.
Describe steroid hormones.
Lipids derived from cholesterol.
Ex: testosterone and estradiol
Describe tropic hormones.
hormones that act on other glands, to regulate their hormone secretion
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic
mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
Rh antibodies made in a woman's body can cross the placenta and attack fetal blood cells. Causing
possible anemia.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these
create different blood types?
ABO Blood Group is based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell
membranes: Antigen A and Antigen B. Antigens A and B are carbohydrates. Antibodies are associated
with some blood types; in general, a person produces antibodies against antigens that are not present
on his/her RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's
blood group. The main two blood groups are called ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O) and Rh
(with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types). All three possible antibodies are present in the
blood plasma: A, B and Rh antibodies.
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins
There are 5 types of W B Cs, in 2 categories: Granulocytes, which have granular cytoplasm, and short
life span: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. Agranulocytes, which do not have noticeable granules:
Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
Compare the formed elements of the blood
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) - 99.9%
White blood cells (Leukocytes) - 0.1%
Platelets - 0.1%
Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types?
Type A blood can receive either type A or type O blood and can give to either type A or type AB blood.
Type B can receive either type B or type O and can give to either type B or type AB blood.
Type AB is the universal recipient and can receive types A, B, and O blood, but can only give to type
AB blood.
Type O is the universal donor so it can only receive blood from type O, but can give blood to types A,
B, and O blood.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males. 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. 4,500,000-5,100,000 in children. RBCs
are 45% of the blood.
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
The Hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act?
A hormone is a molecule secreted into the bloodstream. They act on target cells that have specific
receptors for that hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
Compare:
Both insulin and glucagon are proteins that stimulate the liver and also convert noncarbohydrates
into glucose.
Contrast:
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, while Insulin stimulates the liver
to form glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones?
Pheromones are a type of hormone that is mainly for the purpose of attracting others and are a big
part of the deciding factor in how they act around you.
Hormones in general are your body's way of regulating your levels and systems.
How is inhibin used in the body?
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents the over-secretion of
FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It
is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell. Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus?
In diabetes mellitus, the level of glucose in your blood, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your
kidneys try to remove the extra glucose by passing it in your urine.
In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly
concentrate urine.
Describe steroid hormones.
Lipids derived from cholesterol.
Ex: testosterone and estradiol
Describe tropic hormones.
hormones that act on other glands, to regulate their hormone secretion
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic
mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
Rh antibodies made in a woman's body can cross the placenta and attack fetal blood cells. Causing
possible anemia.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these
create different blood types?
ABO Blood Group is based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell
membranes: Antigen A and Antigen B. Antigens A and B are carbohydrates. Antibodies are associated
with some blood types; in general, a person produces antibodies against antigens that are not present
on his/her RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's
blood group. The main two blood groups are called ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O) and Rh
(with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types). All three possible antibodies are present in the
blood plasma: A, B and Rh antibodies.
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins
There are 5 types of W B Cs, in 2 categories: Granulocytes, which have granular cytoplasm, and short
life span: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. Agranulocytes, which do not have noticeable granules:
Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
Compare the formed elements of the blood
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) - 99.9%
White blood cells (Leukocytes) - 0.1%
Platelets - 0.1%
Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types?
Type A blood can receive either type A or type O blood and can give to either type A or type AB blood.
Type B can receive either type B or type O and can give to either type B or type AB blood.
Type AB is the universal recipient and can receive types A, B, and O blood, but can only give to type
AB blood.
Type O is the universal donor so it can only receive blood from type O, but can give blood to types A,
B, and O blood.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males. 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. 4,500,000-5,100,000 in children. RBCs
are 45% of the blood.
