Inhoudsopgave
Methoden van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek: positief wetenschappelijke methoden ......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
ECTS-fiche .................................................................................................................................... 1
Waarom een vak methoden? ........................................................................................................ 3
1 Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren ........................................................ 3
1.1 Vasthoudendheid (tenacity) .............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Intuïtie ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Autoriteit ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Rationalisme ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Empirie ............................................................................................................................... 5
2 CONSLUSIE: Methoden om kennis te vegaren ............................................................................ 6
3 Poll .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Les 2: Wetenschappelijke methode, empirische cyclus en hypothesen formuleren ......................... 7
1 Terugkoppeling oefening ............................................................................................................ 7
2 De wetenschappelijke methode ................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Stap 1: observatie van gedrag of andere fenomenen ....................................................... 7
2.2 Stap 2: hypothesen vormen .............................................................................................. 7
2.3 Stap 3: predicties vormen.................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Stap 4: evalueer de predictie ............................................................................................. 9
2.5 Stap 5: hypothese ondersteuenen, weerleggen of herspecifieren/herformuleren ........ 10
3 Drie belangrijke principes van de wetenschappelijke methode: .............................................. 10
4 Wetenschap versus pseudowetenschap (!!!!!!!!) ..................................................................... 11
5 Empirische cyclus ...................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Stap 1: het ontwikkelen van een onderzoeksidee ........................................................... 12
5.2 Stap 2: hypothesevorming ............................................................................................... 12
5.3 Stap 3: bepaling meting en definitie van variabelen ....................................................... 12
5.4 Stap 4: deelnemers .......................................................................................................... 13
0
, 5.5 Stap 5: onderzoeksstrategie ............................................................................................ 13
5.6 Stap 6: selecteer een onderzoeksdesign ......................................................................... 13
5.7 Stap 7: Voer de studie uit: dataverzameling: .................................................................. 13
5.8 Stap 8: Evalueer de data obv statistische methodes (zie vakken statistiek) ................... 13
5.9 Stap 9: Rapporteer de resultaten .................................................................................... 13
5.10 Stap 10: verfijn/herfomuleer het onderzoeksidee .......................................................... 14
6 Empirische cyslus: Hypothesen formuleren (Stap 2, uitgebreider) ........................................... 14
6.1 Logsich ............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Toetsbaar ......................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Weerlegbaar .................................................................................................................... 15
6.4 Positief ............................................................................................................................. 15
7 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 15
8 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Les 3: Variabelen definiëren en meten (STAP 3) .......................................................................... 17
1 Variabelen definiëren en meten ............................................................................................... 17
1.1 Constructen en operationele definities ........................................................................... 18
1.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................ 19
1.2.1 Validiteit ...................................................................................................................... 20
1.2.2 Betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 21
1.2.3 Relatie validiteit - betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................... 22
1.3 Meetschalen .................................................................................................................... 22
1.3.1 Interval VS Ratio meetschaal....................................................................................... 23
1.3.2 Keuze meetschalen ..................................................................................................... 24
1.4 Meet“modaliteiten” ........................................................................................................ 24
1.4.1 Andere aspecten van meten ....................................................................................... 25
1.4.1.1 1. Multipele metingen ........................................................................................ 25
1.4.1.2 2. Sensitiviteit ..................................................................................................... 26
1.4.1.3 3. Artefacten ....................................................................................................... 26
2 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 27
3 OEFENING ................................................................................................................................. 27
4 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 28
1
,Les 4: Participanten selecteren (STAP 4) ...................................................................................... 29
1 Steekproeftrekking ................................................................................................................... 29
1.1 Probability sampling ........................................................................................................ 30
1.1.1 Simple random sampling ............................................................................................. 31
1.1.2 Systematische sampling .............................................................................................. 31
1.1.3 Gestratificeerde random sampling ............................................................................. 32
1.1.4 Proportionele gestratificeerde random sampling ....................................................... 32
1.1.5 Cluster sampling .......................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Nonprobability sampling ................................................................................................. 32
1.2.1 Convenience sampling ................................................................................................ 33
1.2.2 Quota sampling ........................................................................................................... 33
2 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Les 5: Onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit (STAP 5) ..................................................................... 34
1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 35
1.1 Voorbeeld: ....................................................................................................................... 35
2 Onderzoeksstrategieën............................................................................................................. 35
2.1 1. Beschrijvend ................................................................................................................ 35
2.2 2. Correlationeel .............................................................................................................. 35
2.3 3. Experimenteel.............................................................................................................. 36
2.4 4. Quasi-experimenteel ................................................................................................... 36
2.5 5. Non-experimenteel...................................................................................................... 37
2.5.1 Correlationeel VS Non-Experimenteel ........................................................................ 37
2.6 Onderzoeksstrategie/-design/-procedure ....................................................................... 37
3 Externe en interne validiteit ..................................................................................................... 37
3.1 1. Externe validiteit .......................................................................................................... 37
3.2 2. Interne validiteit .......................................................................................................... 38
4 Bedreigingen van validiteit ....................................................................................................... 38
4.1 Hoe bedreiging elimeneren? ........................................................................................... 38
4.1.1 Categorie 1: generaliseren over participanten ........................................................... 38
4.1.2 Categorie 2: generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie ...................................... 38
4.1.3 Categorie 3: generaliseren over kenmerken van de metingen ................................... 39
4.2 Bijkomende (extraneous) variabele................................................................................. 39
2
, 4.3 Storende (“confouding”) variabelen ............................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Omgevingsvariabelen .................................................................................................. 39
4.3.2 Participant variabelen ................................................................................................. 40
4.3.3 Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen....................................................................................... 40
5 Meer over interne en externe validiteit .................................................................................... 40
5.1 1. Interne en externe validiteit balanceren ..................................................................... 40
5.2 2. Artefacten: bedreiging voor interne én externe validiteit .......................................... 41
5.3 3. Validiteit en individuele onderzoeksstrategieën ......................................................... 41
6 Besluit ....................................................................................................................................... 41
7 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Les 6: De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie (STAP 5) ................................................................ 43
1 Terugkoppeling oefening .......................................................................................................... 43
2 Oorzaak-gevolg relaties............................................................................................................ 43
2.1 Experimentele studie moet 4 basiselementen bevatten: ............................................... 44
2.2 Terminologie: ................................................................................................................... 45
2.2.1 Voorbeeld: ................................................................................................................... 45
2.2.2 Opgelet: ....................................................................................................................... 45
3 Elementen van een experiment ................................................................................................ 45
3.1 Manipulatie...................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.1 Waarom doen we dit? ................................................................................................. 46
3.1.1.1 Doel 1: RICHTING van de relatie bepalen ........................................................... 46
3.1.1.2 Doel 2: invloed van andere variabelen controleren ........................................... 46
3.2 Controle ........................................................................................................................... 46
4 Bijkomende variabelen controleren ......................................................................................... 47
4.1 Variabele constant houden ............................................................................................. 47
4.2 Matching .......................................................................................................................... 47
4.3 Randomiseren.................................................................................................................. 47
5 Controle condities ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 Geen-behandeling controle condities: ............................................................................ 48
5.2 Placebo controle condities: ............................................................................................. 48
6 Manipulatie checks................................................................................................................... 49
3
Methoden van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek: positief wetenschappelijke methoden ......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
ECTS-fiche .................................................................................................................................... 1
Waarom een vak methoden? ........................................................................................................ 3
1 Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren ........................................................ 3
1.1 Vasthoudendheid (tenacity) .............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Intuïtie ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Autoriteit ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Rationalisme ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Empirie ............................................................................................................................... 5
2 CONSLUSIE: Methoden om kennis te vegaren ............................................................................ 6
3 Poll .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Les 2: Wetenschappelijke methode, empirische cyclus en hypothesen formuleren ......................... 7
1 Terugkoppeling oefening ............................................................................................................ 7
2 De wetenschappelijke methode ................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Stap 1: observatie van gedrag of andere fenomenen ....................................................... 7
2.2 Stap 2: hypothesen vormen .............................................................................................. 7
2.3 Stap 3: predicties vormen.................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Stap 4: evalueer de predictie ............................................................................................. 9
2.5 Stap 5: hypothese ondersteuenen, weerleggen of herspecifieren/herformuleren ........ 10
3 Drie belangrijke principes van de wetenschappelijke methode: .............................................. 10
4 Wetenschap versus pseudowetenschap (!!!!!!!!) ..................................................................... 11
5 Empirische cyclus ...................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Stap 1: het ontwikkelen van een onderzoeksidee ........................................................... 12
5.2 Stap 2: hypothesevorming ............................................................................................... 12
5.3 Stap 3: bepaling meting en definitie van variabelen ....................................................... 12
5.4 Stap 4: deelnemers .......................................................................................................... 13
0
, 5.5 Stap 5: onderzoeksstrategie ............................................................................................ 13
5.6 Stap 6: selecteer een onderzoeksdesign ......................................................................... 13
5.7 Stap 7: Voer de studie uit: dataverzameling: .................................................................. 13
5.8 Stap 8: Evalueer de data obv statistische methodes (zie vakken statistiek) ................... 13
5.9 Stap 9: Rapporteer de resultaten .................................................................................... 13
5.10 Stap 10: verfijn/herfomuleer het onderzoeksidee .......................................................... 14
6 Empirische cyslus: Hypothesen formuleren (Stap 2, uitgebreider) ........................................... 14
6.1 Logsich ............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Toetsbaar ......................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Weerlegbaar .................................................................................................................... 15
6.4 Positief ............................................................................................................................. 15
7 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 15
8 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Les 3: Variabelen definiëren en meten (STAP 3) .......................................................................... 17
1 Variabelen definiëren en meten ............................................................................................... 17
1.1 Constructen en operationele definities ........................................................................... 18
1.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................ 19
1.2.1 Validiteit ...................................................................................................................... 20
1.2.2 Betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 21
1.2.3 Relatie validiteit - betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................... 22
1.3 Meetschalen .................................................................................................................... 22
1.3.1 Interval VS Ratio meetschaal....................................................................................... 23
1.3.2 Keuze meetschalen ..................................................................................................... 24
1.4 Meet“modaliteiten” ........................................................................................................ 24
1.4.1 Andere aspecten van meten ....................................................................................... 25
1.4.1.1 1. Multipele metingen ........................................................................................ 25
1.4.1.2 2. Sensitiviteit ..................................................................................................... 26
1.4.1.3 3. Artefacten ....................................................................................................... 26
2 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 27
3 OEFENING ................................................................................................................................. 27
4 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 28
1
,Les 4: Participanten selecteren (STAP 4) ...................................................................................... 29
1 Steekproeftrekking ................................................................................................................... 29
1.1 Probability sampling ........................................................................................................ 30
1.1.1 Simple random sampling ............................................................................................. 31
1.1.2 Systematische sampling .............................................................................................. 31
1.1.3 Gestratificeerde random sampling ............................................................................. 32
1.1.4 Proportionele gestratificeerde random sampling ....................................................... 32
1.1.5 Cluster sampling .......................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Nonprobability sampling ................................................................................................. 32
1.2.1 Convenience sampling ................................................................................................ 33
1.2.2 Quota sampling ........................................................................................................... 33
2 BESLUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Les 5: Onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit (STAP 5) ..................................................................... 34
1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................... 35
1.1 Voorbeeld: ....................................................................................................................... 35
2 Onderzoeksstrategieën............................................................................................................. 35
2.1 1. Beschrijvend ................................................................................................................ 35
2.2 2. Correlationeel .............................................................................................................. 35
2.3 3. Experimenteel.............................................................................................................. 36
2.4 4. Quasi-experimenteel ................................................................................................... 36
2.5 5. Non-experimenteel...................................................................................................... 37
2.5.1 Correlationeel VS Non-Experimenteel ........................................................................ 37
2.6 Onderzoeksstrategie/-design/-procedure ....................................................................... 37
3 Externe en interne validiteit ..................................................................................................... 37
3.1 1. Externe validiteit .......................................................................................................... 37
3.2 2. Interne validiteit .......................................................................................................... 38
4 Bedreigingen van validiteit ....................................................................................................... 38
4.1 Hoe bedreiging elimeneren? ........................................................................................... 38
4.1.1 Categorie 1: generaliseren over participanten ........................................................... 38
4.1.2 Categorie 2: generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie ...................................... 38
4.1.3 Categorie 3: generaliseren over kenmerken van de metingen ................................... 39
4.2 Bijkomende (extraneous) variabele................................................................................. 39
2
, 4.3 Storende (“confouding”) variabelen ............................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Omgevingsvariabelen .................................................................................................. 39
4.3.2 Participant variabelen ................................................................................................. 40
4.3.3 Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen....................................................................................... 40
5 Meer over interne en externe validiteit .................................................................................... 40
5.1 1. Interne en externe validiteit balanceren ..................................................................... 40
5.2 2. Artefacten: bedreiging voor interne én externe validiteit .......................................... 41
5.3 3. Validiteit en individuele onderzoeksstrategieën ......................................................... 41
6 Besluit ....................................................................................................................................... 41
7 Poll ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Les 6: De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie (STAP 5) ................................................................ 43
1 Terugkoppeling oefening .......................................................................................................... 43
2 Oorzaak-gevolg relaties............................................................................................................ 43
2.1 Experimentele studie moet 4 basiselementen bevatten: ............................................... 44
2.2 Terminologie: ................................................................................................................... 45
2.2.1 Voorbeeld: ................................................................................................................... 45
2.2.2 Opgelet: ....................................................................................................................... 45
3 Elementen van een experiment ................................................................................................ 45
3.1 Manipulatie...................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.1 Waarom doen we dit? ................................................................................................. 46
3.1.1.1 Doel 1: RICHTING van de relatie bepalen ........................................................... 46
3.1.1.2 Doel 2: invloed van andere variabelen controleren ........................................... 46
3.2 Controle ........................................................................................................................... 46
4 Bijkomende variabelen controleren ......................................................................................... 47
4.1 Variabele constant houden ............................................................................................. 47
4.2 Matching .......................................................................................................................... 47
4.3 Randomiseren.................................................................................................................. 47
5 Controle condities ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 Geen-behandeling controle condities: ............................................................................ 48
5.2 Placebo controle condities: ............................................................................................. 48
6 Manipulatie checks................................................................................................................... 49
3
