Geography Standard Level - summary
Case - Studies (Changing population).........................................................................................2
Megacity growth - Mumbai.......................................................................................................3
Forced migration in and from Syria...........................................................................................3
Japan’s ageing population........................................................................................................3
China’s one child policy............................................................................................................3
Literacy and gender equality policies in Kerala.........................................................................4
South Korea’s demographic dividend.......................................................................................4
Case - Studies (Global climate - Vulnerability and Resilience).....................................................4
Negative feedback in Greenland..............................................................................................4
The retreat of Swiss Glaciers...................................................................................................5
The destruction of forests in the USA.......................................................................................5
Flooding in Bangladesh............................................................................................................5
The “three amigos” summit.......................................................................................................6
The Kyoto Protocol...................................................................................................................6
The Paris Agreement, 2015......................................................................................................6
Case - studies (Global resource consumption and security)........................................................6
Food water and energy security in south Asia - a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region (more information on this on page 492).......................................................6
Improving food security in South Africa....................................................................................7
The hazards of working with rubbish........................................................................................7
Recourse use in three industries..............................................................................................7
Sustainable development goals................................................................................................7
Case - studies (geophysical hazards)..........................................................................................8
Nepal landslides, 2015............................................................................................................. 8
Haiti’s earthquake, 2010...........................................................................................................8
Reconstructing Haiti.................................................................................................................9
The Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquakes.........................................................................9
Soufriere Hills, Montserrat......................................................................................................10
Mount Sinabung..................................................................................................................... 10
Managing urban landslides.....................................................................................................11
Case - studies (Leisure, tourism and sport)...............................................................................12
1
, Changes in China’s leisure activities......................................................................................12
Sport participation in the UK...................................................................................................12
Tourism in an urban hotspot: Oxford......................................................................................12
National sports league............................................................................................................ 13
Rugby in South Africa......................................................................................................... 13
Currie Cup.......................................................................................................................... 13
Vodacom Cup..................................................................................................................... 13
Managing tourist pressure at machu Picchu...........................................................................13
The Maldives - a small Island developing site........................................................................14
Costs and benefits of hosting international events: London 2012 Olympics...........................14
4 main aims of the 2012 Olympics......................................................................................15
The Monteverde cloud forest, Costa Rica..............................................................................15
Terms and Definitions................................................................................................................ 15
Unit 1 : Changing Population..................................................................................................15
Unit 2: Global Climate - vulnerability and resilience................................................................17
Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security.................................................................20
Option D: Geophysical Hazards.............................................................................................21
Option E: Leisure, Tourism and Sport....................................................................................23
Case - Studies (Changing population)
2
,Megacity growth - Mumbai
● 18 million people
● Now it is the financial, commercial and entertainment centre of India.
● Centre of the Bollywood Film industry
● 9 million people live in Slums
● Male domination
● Problems with rapid city growth: poverty, unemployment, limited health care and education, poor
sanitation
● Limited access to water
● Many informal activities
Forced migration in and from Syria
● Repression of ruling Assad regime and emergence of IS have led to over 10 million migrants
● Migration to neighbouring countries and peaceful parts of Syria
● More than 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon (about 25% of Lebanon's population)
○ Economic and environmental consequences
○ There has been strain on Lebanon’s health and education services, and its electricity,
water and sanitation systems.
○ Schools have been forced to provide places for up to 100,000 Syrian children, although
most of them are not attending school.
Japan’s ageing population
● Decrease in birth and death rates
● 26% of population over 65 years of age
● Problems:
○ Depletion of labour force
○ Migration of industry to other countries
○ High cost of funding pensions and health care
○ Falling demand for schools and teachers
○ Increased burden on working population
○ Need for workers from abroad
● What gout can do: raise retirement age
China’s one child policy
● Introduced in 1979
● In 2015: changed to two children
● Restricted to ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas, only making up 36 % of population
● In some cases couples could have 2 children if first one was a girl
3
, ○ In other cases 2 children independent of their sexes (different variations depending in
location)
● Improved food security fears
● Shrinking labour force and ageing population
● In 2013: you can have 2 children if either you or your partner is a “single child”
● Factors other than the one-child policy, such as a lack of social security support, have also
encouraged couples to limit their offspring
● Children sometimes seen as “luxury item”
Literacy and gender equality policies in Kerala
● Good health, literacy and education and low birth rate despite lower per capita income than the
rest of India.
● Stable government and high status of women in society
● Girls educated to same standard as boys (also in universities) and have freedom in personal life
● However: often in poor employment
○ Possibly because many women have to look after households
○ A number of self-help groups (SHG) have been set up to empower women from poor
households.
● Higher mortality rates than in rest of India
● Legal system is male dominated
● Still a lot of room for improvement even though Kerala is on a good way to improvement
South Korea’s demographic dividend
● South Korea decreased fertility rate drastically between 1960 and 1990
● Invested in health centers
● People saw that having fewer children improved family life
● Education shifted to universal schooling
○ “Production oriented” education to achieve economic development
● Improved relations with Japan led to investment capital that strengthened agricultural, shing and
manufacturing industries, including shipping.
● Introduced minimum wage for workers involved in construction of infrastructure
Case - Studies (Global climate - Vulnerability and
Resilience)
Negative feedback in Greenland
● Ice shelves melting → water flowing into ocean → rising sea levels
● Could shut of currents of Gulf stream → colder winters in Britain
4
Case - Studies (Changing population).........................................................................................2
Megacity growth - Mumbai.......................................................................................................3
Forced migration in and from Syria...........................................................................................3
Japan’s ageing population........................................................................................................3
China’s one child policy............................................................................................................3
Literacy and gender equality policies in Kerala.........................................................................4
South Korea’s demographic dividend.......................................................................................4
Case - Studies (Global climate - Vulnerability and Resilience).....................................................4
Negative feedback in Greenland..............................................................................................4
The retreat of Swiss Glaciers...................................................................................................5
The destruction of forests in the USA.......................................................................................5
Flooding in Bangladesh............................................................................................................5
The “three amigos” summit.......................................................................................................6
The Kyoto Protocol...................................................................................................................6
The Paris Agreement, 2015......................................................................................................6
Case - studies (Global resource consumption and security)........................................................6
Food water and energy security in south Asia - a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region (more information on this on page 492).......................................................6
Improving food security in South Africa....................................................................................7
The hazards of working with rubbish........................................................................................7
Recourse use in three industries..............................................................................................7
Sustainable development goals................................................................................................7
Case - studies (geophysical hazards)..........................................................................................8
Nepal landslides, 2015............................................................................................................. 8
Haiti’s earthquake, 2010...........................................................................................................8
Reconstructing Haiti.................................................................................................................9
The Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquakes.........................................................................9
Soufriere Hills, Montserrat......................................................................................................10
Mount Sinabung..................................................................................................................... 10
Managing urban landslides.....................................................................................................11
Case - studies (Leisure, tourism and sport)...............................................................................12
1
, Changes in China’s leisure activities......................................................................................12
Sport participation in the UK...................................................................................................12
Tourism in an urban hotspot: Oxford......................................................................................12
National sports league............................................................................................................ 13
Rugby in South Africa......................................................................................................... 13
Currie Cup.......................................................................................................................... 13
Vodacom Cup..................................................................................................................... 13
Managing tourist pressure at machu Picchu...........................................................................13
The Maldives - a small Island developing site........................................................................14
Costs and benefits of hosting international events: London 2012 Olympics...........................14
4 main aims of the 2012 Olympics......................................................................................15
The Monteverde cloud forest, Costa Rica..............................................................................15
Terms and Definitions................................................................................................................ 15
Unit 1 : Changing Population..................................................................................................15
Unit 2: Global Climate - vulnerability and resilience................................................................17
Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security.................................................................20
Option D: Geophysical Hazards.............................................................................................21
Option E: Leisure, Tourism and Sport....................................................................................23
Case - Studies (Changing population)
2
,Megacity growth - Mumbai
● 18 million people
● Now it is the financial, commercial and entertainment centre of India.
● Centre of the Bollywood Film industry
● 9 million people live in Slums
● Male domination
● Problems with rapid city growth: poverty, unemployment, limited health care and education, poor
sanitation
● Limited access to water
● Many informal activities
Forced migration in and from Syria
● Repression of ruling Assad regime and emergence of IS have led to over 10 million migrants
● Migration to neighbouring countries and peaceful parts of Syria
● More than 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon (about 25% of Lebanon's population)
○ Economic and environmental consequences
○ There has been strain on Lebanon’s health and education services, and its electricity,
water and sanitation systems.
○ Schools have been forced to provide places for up to 100,000 Syrian children, although
most of them are not attending school.
Japan’s ageing population
● Decrease in birth and death rates
● 26% of population over 65 years of age
● Problems:
○ Depletion of labour force
○ Migration of industry to other countries
○ High cost of funding pensions and health care
○ Falling demand for schools and teachers
○ Increased burden on working population
○ Need for workers from abroad
● What gout can do: raise retirement age
China’s one child policy
● Introduced in 1979
● In 2015: changed to two children
● Restricted to ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas, only making up 36 % of population
● In some cases couples could have 2 children if first one was a girl
3
, ○ In other cases 2 children independent of their sexes (different variations depending in
location)
● Improved food security fears
● Shrinking labour force and ageing population
● In 2013: you can have 2 children if either you or your partner is a “single child”
● Factors other than the one-child policy, such as a lack of social security support, have also
encouraged couples to limit their offspring
● Children sometimes seen as “luxury item”
Literacy and gender equality policies in Kerala
● Good health, literacy and education and low birth rate despite lower per capita income than the
rest of India.
● Stable government and high status of women in society
● Girls educated to same standard as boys (also in universities) and have freedom in personal life
● However: often in poor employment
○ Possibly because many women have to look after households
○ A number of self-help groups (SHG) have been set up to empower women from poor
households.
● Higher mortality rates than in rest of India
● Legal system is male dominated
● Still a lot of room for improvement even though Kerala is on a good way to improvement
South Korea’s demographic dividend
● South Korea decreased fertility rate drastically between 1960 and 1990
● Invested in health centers
● People saw that having fewer children improved family life
● Education shifted to universal schooling
○ “Production oriented” education to achieve economic development
● Improved relations with Japan led to investment capital that strengthened agricultural, shing and
manufacturing industries, including shipping.
● Introduced minimum wage for workers involved in construction of infrastructure
Case - Studies (Global climate - Vulnerability and
Resilience)
Negative feedback in Greenland
● Ice shelves melting → water flowing into ocean → rising sea levels
● Could shut of currents of Gulf stream → colder winters in Britain
4
