1. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
,Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
3. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
,Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
6. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
, Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
7. What is the most likely complication of a deep
vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Stroke
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: A thrombus can dislodge from the deep
veins and travel to the lungs, causing a PE.
8. What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive carbohydrate intake
D. Obesity
Answer: B
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
,Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
3. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
,Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
6. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
, Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
7. What is the most likely complication of a deep
vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Stroke
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: A thrombus can dislodge from the deep
veins and travel to the lungs, causing a PE.
8. What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive carbohydrate intake
D. Obesity
Answer: B
