1. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
2. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
,Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
3. In heart failure, what is the primary compensatory
mechanism initially activated?
A. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
C. Increased parasympathetic tone
D. Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system
Answer: B
Rationale: The RAAS is activated to maintain
perfusion pressure through vasoconstriction and
sodium/water retention, but it can eventually worsen
heart failure.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly
associated with Addison’s disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
,D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal
insufficiency, resulting in decreased aldosterone and
sodium retention, leading to potassium retention
(hyperkalemia).
5. The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
involves:
A. Non-inflammatory joint degeneration
B. Immune complex-mediated joint inflammation
C. Viral infection of the synovium
D. Cartilage trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease where
immune complexes attack synovial joints, causing
inflammation and destruction.
6. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
, C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. Which condition is characterized by destruction of
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
2. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
,Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
3. In heart failure, what is the primary compensatory
mechanism initially activated?
A. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
C. Increased parasympathetic tone
D. Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system
Answer: B
Rationale: The RAAS is activated to maintain
perfusion pressure through vasoconstriction and
sodium/water retention, but it can eventually worsen
heart failure.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly
associated with Addison’s disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
,D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal
insufficiency, resulting in decreased aldosterone and
sodium retention, leading to potassium retention
(hyperkalemia).
5. The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
involves:
A. Non-inflammatory joint degeneration
B. Immune complex-mediated joint inflammation
C. Viral infection of the synovium
D. Cartilage trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease where
immune complexes attack synovial joints, causing
inflammation and destruction.
6. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
, C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. Which condition is characterized by destruction of
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
